690 research outputs found

    Person Identity Label Propagation in Stereo Videos

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    Positive and negative label propagation

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    Fast Label Propagation on Facial Images Using a Pruned Similarity Matrix

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    Nonparametric Belief Propagation and Facial Appearance Estimation

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    In many applications of graphical models arising in computer vision, the hidden variables of interest are most naturally specified by continuous, non-Gaussian distributions. There exist inference algorithms for discrete approximations to these continuous distributions, but for the high-dimensional variables typically of interest, discrete inference becomes infeasible. Stochastic methods such as particle filters provide an appealing alternative. However, existing techniques fail to exploit the rich structure of the graphical models describing many vision problems. Drawing on ideas from regularized particle filters and belief propagation (BP), this paper develops a nonparametric belief propagation (NBP) algorithm applicable to general graphs. Each NBP iteration uses an efficient sampling procedure to update kernel-based approximations to the true, continuous likelihoods. The algorithm can accomodate an extremely broad class of potential functions, including nonparametric representations. Thus, NBP extends particle filtering methods to the more general vision problems that graphical models can describe. We apply the NBP algorithm to infer component interrelationships in a parts-based face model, allowing location and reconstruction of occluded features

    Multimodal Stereoscopic Movie Summarization Conforming to Narrative Characteristics

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    Video summarization is a timely and rapidly developing research field with broad commercial interest, due to the increasing availability of massive video data. Relevant algorithms face the challenge of needing to achieve a careful balance between summary compactness, enjoyability, and content coverage. The specific case of stereoscopic 3D theatrical films has become more important over the past years, but not received corresponding research attention. In this paper, a multi-stage, multimodal summarization process for such stereoscopic movies is proposed, that is able to extract a short, representative video skim conforming to narrative characteristics from a 3D film. At the initial stage, a novel, low-level video frame description method is introduced (frame moments descriptor) that compactly captures informative image statistics from luminance, color, optical flow, and stereoscopic disparity video data, both in a global and in a local scale. Thus, scene texture, illumination, motion, and geometry properties may succinctly be contained within a single frame feature descriptor, which can subsequently be employed as a building block in any key-frame extraction scheme, e.g., for intra-shot frame clustering. The computed key-frames are then used to construct a movie summary in the form of a video skim, which is post-processed in a manner that also considers the audio modality. The next stage of the proposed summarization pipeline essentially performs shot pruning, controlled by a user-provided shot retention parameter, that removes segments from the skim based on the narrative prominence of movie characters in both the visual and the audio modalities. This novel process (multimodal shot pruning) is algebraically modeled as a multimodal matrix column subset selection problem, which is solved using an evolutionary computing approach. Subsequently, disorienting editing effects induced by summarization are dealt with, through manipulation of the video skim. At the last step, the skim is suitably post-processed in order to reduce stereoscopic video defects that may cause visual fatigue

    Combining Features and Semantics for Low-level Computer Vision

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    Visual perception of depth and motion plays a significant role in understanding and navigating the environment. Reconstructing outdoor scenes in 3D and estimating the motion from video cameras are of utmost importance for applications like autonomous driving. The corresponding problems in computer vision have witnessed tremendous progress over the last decades, yet some aspects still remain challenging today. Striking examples are reflecting and textureless surfaces or large motions which cannot be easily recovered using traditional local methods. Further challenges include occlusions, large distortions and difficult lighting conditions. In this thesis, we propose to overcome these challenges by modeling non-local interactions leveraging semantics and contextual information. Firstly, for binocular stereo estimation, we propose to regularize over larger areas on the image using object-category specific disparity proposals which we sample using inverse graphics techniques based on a sparse disparity estimate and a semantic segmentation of the image. The disparity proposals encode the fact that objects of certain categories are not arbitrarily shaped but typically exhibit regular structures. We integrate them as non-local regularizer for the challenging object class 'car' into a superpixel-based graphical model and demonstrate its benefits especially in reflective regions. Secondly, for 3D reconstruction, we leverage the fact that the larger the reconstructed area, the more likely objects of similar type and shape will occur in the scene. This is particularly true for outdoor scenes where buildings and vehicles often suffer from missing texture or reflections, but share similarity in 3D shape. We take advantage of this shape similarity by localizing objects using detectors and jointly reconstructing them while learning a volumetric model of their shape. This allows to reduce noise while completing missing surfaces as objects of similar shape benefit from all observations for the respective category. Evaluations with respect to LIDAR ground-truth on a novel challenging suburban dataset show the advantages of modeling structural dependencies between objects. Finally, motivated by the success of deep learning techniques in matching problems, we present a method for learning context-aware features for solving optical flow using discrete optimization. Towards this goal, we present an efficient way of training a context network with a large receptive field size on top of a local network using dilated convolutions on patches. We perform feature matching by comparing each pixel in the reference image to every pixel in the target image, utilizing fast GPU matrix multiplication. The matching cost volume from the network's output forms the data term for discrete MAP inference in a pairwise Markov random field. Extensive evaluations reveal the importance of context for feature matching.Die visuelle Wahrnehmung von Tiefe und Bewegung spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei dem VerstĂ€ndnis und der Navigation in unserer Umwelt. Die 3D Rekonstruktion von Szenen im Freien und die SchĂ€tzung der Bewegung von Videokameras sind von grĂ¶ĂŸter Bedeutung fĂŒr Anwendungen, wie das autonome Fahren. Die Erforschung der entsprechenden Probleme des maschinellen Sehens hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten enorme Fortschritte gemacht, jedoch bleiben einige Aspekte heute noch ungelöst. Beispiele hierfĂŒr sind reflektierende und texturlose OberflĂ€chen oder große Bewegungen, bei denen herkömmliche lokale Methoden hĂ€ufig scheitern. Weitere Herausforderungen sind niedrige Bildraten, Verdeckungen, große Verzerrungen und schwierige LichtverhĂ€ltnisse. In dieser Arbeit schlagen wir vor nicht-lokale Interaktionen zu modellieren, die semantische und kontextbezogene Informationen nutzen, um diese Herausforderungen zu meistern. FĂŒr die binokulare Stereo SchĂ€tzung schlagen wir zuallererst vor zusammenhĂ€ngende Bereiche mit objektklassen-spezifischen DisparitĂ€ts VorschlĂ€gen zu regularisieren, die wir mit inversen Grafik Techniken auf der Grundlage einer spĂ€rlichen DisparitĂ€tsschĂ€tzung und semantischen Segmentierung des Bildes erhalten. Die DisparitĂ€ts VorschlĂ€ge kodieren die Tatsache, dass die GegenstĂ€nde bestimmter Kategorien nicht willkĂŒrlich geformt sind, sondern typischerweise regelmĂ€ĂŸige Strukturen aufweisen. Wir integrieren sie fĂŒr die komplexe Objektklasse 'Auto' in Form eines nicht-lokalen Regularisierungsterm in ein Superpixel-basiertes grafisches Modell und zeigen die Vorteile vor allem in reflektierenden Bereichen. Zweitens nutzen wir fĂŒr die 3D-Rekonstruktion die Tatsache, dass mit der GrĂ¶ĂŸe der rekonstruierten FlĂ€che auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit steigt, Objekte von Ă€hnlicher Art und Form in der Szene zu enthalten. Dies gilt besonders fĂŒr Szenen im Freien, in denen GebĂ€ude und Fahrzeuge oft vorkommen, die unter fehlender Textur oder Reflexionen leiden aber Ă€hnlichkeit in der Form aufweisen. Wir nutzen diese Ă€hnlichkeiten zur Lokalisierung von Objekten mit Detektoren und zur gemeinsamen Rekonstruktion indem ein volumetrisches Modell ihrer Form erlernt wird. Dies ermöglicht auftretendes Rauschen zu reduzieren, wĂ€hrend fehlende FlĂ€chen vervollstĂ€ndigt werden, da Objekte Ă€hnlicher Form von allen Beobachtungen der jeweiligen Kategorie profitieren. Die Evaluierung auf einem neuen, herausfordernden vorstĂ€dtischen Datensatz in Anbetracht von LIDAR-Entfernungsdaten zeigt die Vorteile der Modellierung von strukturellen AbhĂ€ngigkeiten zwischen Objekten. Zuletzt, motiviert durch den Erfolg von Deep Learning Techniken bei der Mustererkennung, prĂ€sentieren wir eine Methode zum Erlernen von kontextbezogenen Merkmalen zur Lösung des optischen Flusses mittels diskreter Optimierung. Dazu stellen wir eine effiziente Methode vor um zusĂ€tzlich zu einem Lokalen Netzwerk ein Kontext-Netzwerk zu erlernen, das mit Hilfe von erweiterter Faltung auf Patches ein großes rezeptives Feld besitzt. FĂŒr das Feature Matching vergleichen wir mit schnellen GPU-Matrixmultiplikation jedes Pixel im Referenzbild mit jedem Pixel im Zielbild. Das aus dem Netzwerk resultierende Matching Kostenvolumen bildet den Datenterm fĂŒr eine diskrete MAP Inferenz in einem paarweisen Markov Random Field. Eine umfangreiche Evaluierung zeigt die Relevanz des Kontextes fĂŒr das Feature Matching
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