9,425 research outputs found
Implications of uniformly distributed, empirically informed priors for phylogeographical model selection: A reply to Hickerson et al
Establishing that a set of population-splitting events occurred at the same
time can be a potentially persuasive argument that a common process affected
the populations. Oaks et al. (2013) assessed the ability of an
approximate-Bayesian method (msBayes) to estimate such a pattern of
simultaneous divergence across taxa, to which Hickerson et al. (2014)
responded. Both papers agree the method is sensitive to prior assumptions and
often erroneously supports shared divergences; the papers differ about the
explanation and solution. Oaks et al. (2013) suggested the method's behavior is
caused by the strong weight of uniform priors on divergence times leading to
smaller marginal likelihoods of models with more divergence-time parameters
(Hypothesis 1); they proposed alternative priors to avoid strongly weighted
posteriors. Hickerson et al. (2014) suggested numerical approximation error
causes msBayes analyses to be biased toward models of clustered divergences
(Hypothesis 2); they proposed using narrow, empirical uniform priors. Here, we
demonstrate that the approach of Hickerson et al. (2014) does not mitigate the
method's tendency to erroneously support models of clustered divergences, and
often excludes the true parameter values. Our results also show that the
tendency of msBayes analyses to support models of shared divergences is
primarily due to Hypothesis 1. This series of papers demonstrate that if our
prior assumptions place too much weight in unlikely regions of parameter space
such that the exact posterior supports the wrong model of evolutionary history,
no amount of computation can rescue our inference. Fortunately, more flexible
distributions that accommodate prior uncertainty about parameters without
placing excessive weight in vast regions of parameter space with low likelihood
increase the method's robustness and power to detect temporal variation in
divergences.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 14 pages of supporting information with
10 supporting figure
A Bayesian Solution to the Conflict of Narrowness and Precision in Direct Inference
The conflict of narrowness and precision in direct inference occurs if a body of evidence contains estimates for frequencies in a certain reference class and less precise estimates for frequencies in a narrower reference class. To develop a solution to this conflict, I draw on ideas developed by Paul Thorn and John Pollock. First, I argue that Kyburg and Teng’s solution to the conflict of narrowness and precision leads to unreasonable direct inference probabilities. I then show that Thorn’s recent solution to the conflict leads to unreasonable direct inference probabilities. Based on my analysis of Thorn’s approach, I propose a natural distribution for a Bayesian analysis of the data directly obtained from studying members of the narrowest reference class
Passive mode-locking in semiconductor lasers with saturable absorbers bandgap shifted through quantum well intermixing
Passive mode-locking in semiconductor lasers in a Fabry–Perot configuration with a bandgap blueshift applied to the saturable absorber (SA) section has been experimentally characterized. For the first time a fully post-growth technique, quantum well intermixing, was adopted to modify the material bandgap in the SA section. The measurements showed not only an expected narrowing of the pulse width but also a significant expansion of the range of bias conditions generating a stable train of optical pulses. Moreover, the pulses from lasers with bandgap shifted absorbers presented reduced chirp and increased peak power with respect to the nonshifted case
Guaranteed state estimation using a bundle of interval observers with adaptive gains applied to the induction machine
he scope of this paper is the design of an interval observer bundle for the guaranteed state estimation of an uncertain induction machine with linear, time-varying dynamics. These guarantees are of particular interest in the case of safety-critical systems. In many cases, interval observers provide large intervals for which the usability becomes impractical. Hence, based on a reduced-order hybrid interval observer structure, the guaranteed enclosure within intervals of the magnetizing current’s estimates is improved using a bundle of interval observers. One advantage of such an interval observer bundle is the possibility to reinitialize the interval observers at specified timesteps during runtime with smaller initial intervals, based on previously observed system states, resulting in decreasing interval widths. Thus, unstable observer dynamics are considered so as to take advantage of their transient behavior, whereby the overall stability of the interval estimation is maintained. An algorithm is presented to determine the parametrization of reduced-order interval observers. To this, an adaptive observer gain is introduced with which the system states are observed optimally by considering a minimal interval width at variable operating points. Furthermore, real-time capability and validation of the proposed methods are shown. The results are discussed with simulations as well as experimental data obtained with a test bench
Narrowest Significance Pursuit: inference for multiple change-points in linear models
We propose Narrowest Significance Pursuit (NSP), a general and flexible
methodology for automatically detecting localised regions in data sequences
which each must contain a change-point, at a prescribed global significance
level. Here, change-points are understood as abrupt changes in the parameters
of an underlying linear model. NSP works by fitting the postulated linear model
over many regions of the data, using a certain multiresolution sup-norm loss,
and identifying the shortest interval on which the linearity is significantly
violated. The procedure then continues recursively to the left and to the right
until no further intervals of significance can be found. The use of the
multiresolution sup-norm loss is a key feature of NSP, as it enables the
transfer of significance considerations to the domain of the unobserved true
residuals, a substantial simplification. It also guarantees important
stochastic bounds which directly yield exact desired coverage probabilities,
regardless of the form or number of the regressors.
NSP works with a wide range of distributional assumptions on the errors,
including Gaussian with known or unknown variance, some light-tailed
distributions, and some heavy-tailed, possibly heterogeneous distributions via
self-normalisation. It also works in the presence of autoregression. The
mathematics of NSP is, by construction, uncomplicated, and its key
computational component uses simple linear programming. In contrast to the
widely studied "post-selection inference" approach, NSP enables the opposite
viewpoint and paves the way for the concept of "post-inference selection".
Pre-CRAN R code implementing NSP is available at https://github.com/pfryz/nsp
Robust Control of Quantum Information
Errors in the control of quantum systems may be classified as unitary,
decoherent and incoherent. Unitary errors are systematic, and result in a
density matrix that differs from the desired one by a unitary operation.
Decoherent errors correspond to general completely positive superoperators, and
can only be corrected using methods such as quantum error correction.
Incoherent errors can also be described, on average, by completely positive
superoperators, but can nevertheless be corrected by the application of a
locally unitary operation that ``refocuses'' them. They are due to reproducible
spatial or temporal variations in the system's Hamiltonian, so that information
on the variations is encoded in the system's spatiotemporal state and can be
used to correct them. In this paper liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) is used to demonstrate that such refocusing effects can be built directly
into the control fields, where the incoherence arises from spatial
inhomogeneities in the quantizing static magnetic field as well as the
radio-frequency control fields themselves. Using perturbation theory, it is
further shown that the eigenvalue spectrum of the completely positive
superoperator exhibits a characteristic spread that contains information on the
Hamiltonians' underlying distribution.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Does the Housing Market React to New Information on School Quality?
This paper analyzes housing market reactions to the release of previously unpublished information on school quality. Using the sharp discontinuity in the information environment allows us to study price changes within school catchment areas, thus controlling for neighborhood unobservables. We find a substantial housing market reaction to publication of school quality indicators, suggesting that households care about school quality, and may be willing to pay for better schools. The publication effect is robust to a number of sensitivity checks, but does not seem to be permanent as prices revert to prepublication levels after two to three months. We discuss this reversion in relation to the literature on behavioral finance and the concept of limited attention.valuation of school quality, hedonic methods, price reversion
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