Jätteenpolttolaitoksen pohjakuonan elektrostaattinen erotteleminen

The recovery of copper and precious metals from fine (0-2 mm) non-ferrous fraction of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash with a two-roll corona electrostatic separator was investigated. Corona electrostatic separator is typically used for separation of fine granular mixture with large differences in electrical conductivities of particles, f.e. mixture of plastic and metal. However, in this work the main objective was to find out if the selectivity of the corona electrostatic separator would be enough for the separation of metal fraction of bottom ash. Objective was also to investigate the effect of different equipment parameters on the separation results. Experiments were carried out to test the effect of chosen parameters individually, and to test the effect of certain parameter combinations. Before the experiments, the test material was dried and screened to 0,28-2 mm. Separation results were analysed through the material distribution to different output fractions, through copper content of the output fractions and through precious metal content of product. According to the separation results, corona electrostatic separator is not applicable for the separation of the test material. At best, only minor enrichment of copper and precious metals to product was achieved. Voltage and distance of output stream dividers from the roll electrode had the most significant effect on output mass fractions. The effect of all test parameters on copper and precious metal contents of product was relatively minor.Tässä työssä tutkittiin kuparin ja jalometallien erottelemista yhdyskuntajätteen poltosta syntyvän pohjakuonan hienojakoisesta (0-2 mm) metallifraktiosta korona-elektrostaattisella rumpuerottimella. Kyseisen tyyppistä erotinta käytetään yleensä hienojakoisille materiaaliseoksille joiden partikkelien sähkönjohtavuudet poikkeavat toisistaan huomattavasti, kuten esimerkiksi muovi-metalli-seoksille. Työn päätavoitteena oli selvittää elektrostaattisen erottimen toimivuutta, säädettävyyttä ja selektiivisyyttä pohjakuonan metallifraktion rikastamiseen. Tavoitteena oli myös tutkia laitteiston eri parametrien vaikutusta erotustulokseen. Työssä tutkittiin kokeellisesti sekä yksittäisten parametrien että valittujen parametriyhdistelmien vaikutusta erotukseen. Koemateriaali kuivattiin ja seulottiin raekokoon 0,28-2 mm. Erotustuloksia arvioitiin tutkimalla materiaalin jakautumista erotuksessa eri ulostulofraktioihin, analysoimalla fraktioiden kuparipitoisuuksia sekä analysoimalla tuotteen jalometallipitoisuuksia. Erotustulosten mukaan elektrostaattisen erottimen selektiivisyys ei riitä koemateriaalin erottelemiseen, sillä parhaimmillaankin kuparin ja jalometallien rikastuminen tuotteeseen oli vähäistä. Koeparametreista jännitteellä ja materiaalivirran jakajien etäisyydellä rummuista oli suurin vaikutus eri fraktioiden massaosuuksiin. Yksikään koeparametri ei vaikuttanut merkittävästi fraktioiden kupari- ja jalometallipitoisuuksiin, vaan pitoisuuksissa oli havaittavissa ainoastaan pieniä muutoksia parametrien arvoja muutettaessa

Proceedings of the Scientific-Practical Conference "Research and Development - 2016"

talent management; sensor arrays; automatic speech recognition; dry separation technology; oil production; oil waste; laser technolog

XVIII International Coal Preparation Congress

Changes in economic and market conditions of mineral raw materials in recent years have greatly increased demands on the ef fi ciency of mining production. This is certainly true of the coal industry. World coal consumption is growing faster than other types of fuel and in the past year it exceeded 7.6 billion tons. Coal extraction and processing technology are continuously evolving, becoming more economical and environmentally friendly. “ Clean coal ” technology is becoming increasingly popular. Coal chemistry, production of new materials and pharmacology are now added to the traditional use areas — power industry and metallurgy. The leading role in the development of new areas of coal use belongs to preparation technology and advanced coal processing. Hi-tech modern technology and the increasing interna- tional demand for its effectiveness and ef fi ciency put completely new goals for the University. Our main task is to develop a new generation of workforce capacity and research in line with global trends in the development of science and technology to address critical industry issues. Today Russia, like the rest of the world faces rapid and profound changes affecting all spheres of life. The de fi ning feature of modern era has been a rapid development of high technology, intellectual capital being its main asset and resource. The dynamics of scienti fi c and technological development requires acti- vation of University research activities. The University must be a generator of ideas to meet the needs of the economy and national development. Due to the high intellectual potential, University expert mission becomes more and more called for and is capable of providing professional assessment and building science-based predictions in various fi elds. Coal industry, as well as the whole fuel and energy sector of the global economy is growing fast. Global multinational energy companies are less likely to be under state in fl uence and will soon become the main mechanism for the rapid spread of technologies based on new knowledge. Mineral resources will have an even greater impact on the stability of the economies of many countries. Current progress in the technology of coal-based gas synthesis is not just a change in the traditional energy markets, but the emergence of new products of direct consumption, obtained from coal, such as synthetic fuels, chemicals and agrochemical products. All this requires a revision of the value of coal in the modern world economy

Analysis and Characterization of Microplastics through Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques for Environmental Monitoring

The pinnacle of technological advancements, especially plastic, has become one of the greatest environmental challenges that the earth has ever dealt with. In the face of ground-breaking versatility, plastic litter has marked its presence from the highest peaks to the deepest points in the oceans. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a size of less than 1 mm along their longest dimension, originating from a wide array of sources. The current public awareness of MP pollution is based on a huge amount of scientific research completed and published over the last fifteen years, which has just recently been highlighted by the media. It's been a protracted process that began with isolated examinations carried out by researchers who were ordinarily working in various fields of study but recognised the threat's potential. MPs are not traditional chemical contaminants, but rather a complex array of manmade detritus made up of various sizes, polymers, chemical additives, and sorbed pollution. The MP study is still in its infancy stage since it continues to be hampered by a lack of defined protocols and methodologies for investigating MPs in the laboratory. The use of MPs in laboratory research necessitates precise particle characterization to link the impacts of microplastics to their characteristics. To understand microplastic transit, deposition, and toxic effects, it is vital to distinguish between MP particles and those that are not. This thesis has primarily focused on the application of a new technology for analyzing MPs, based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs). As revealed by the bibliometric analysis of characterizing MPs by Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRs have only lately been applied, notably in the form of the miniaturized spectrometer (NIRs). Although NIR spectroscopy has been used as a standard tool for online quality assurance in food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals for decades, its ability to analyse microplastics in various environmental matrices has only recently been recognized. The workflow of this thesis begins with the use of handheld MicroNIR to analyse urban plastic garbage and construct an in-house NIR spectrum library, showcasing the usage of portable technology in the recycling sector. Because most libraries are constructed with virgin polymers, spectral shifts caused by MPs degradation are frequently missed. As a result, a new, more durable library searching algorithm capable of dealing with the difficulty of comparing degraded MPs to pristine polymer references was necessary. The second section discussed the significance of using reference materials in MP research and compares three techniques for producing MPs for research laboratories. This work will make it easier to comprehend the morphologies of MPs produced from the same parent particle using diverse techniques in a short period, allowing MP research to accelerate. The third section is based on the proof-of-concept study to analyse mixtures of microplastics through a handheld Near-Infrared Spectrometer. Given that, this study has proven the possibility of a portable tiny near-infrared spectrometer (MicroNIR) paired with chemometric methodologies for the measurement of secondary MPs mixes created at a laboratory scale for the first time. Extraction and purification are followed by identification and quantification in the MP analysis. The extraction of MPs from any environmental matrix is the most important phase since it is controlled by the matrix type and microplastic's size, shape, and density. As a result, the extraction technique should be tailored to the type of matrix under consideration. Following this idea, a comprehensive description of microplastic extraction processes distinguished by environmental matrix is offered at the end of this thesis in the form of a review. With concluding remarks, the final chapter gives a glimpse into the study's future prospects.The pinnacle of technological advancements, especially plastic, has become one of the greatest environmental challenges that the earth has ever dealt with. In the face of ground-breaking versatility, plastic litter has marked its presence from the highest peaks to the deepest points in the oceans. Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with a size of less than 1 mm along their longest dimension, originating from a wide array of sources. The current public awareness of MP pollution is based on a huge amount of scientific research completed and published over the last fifteen years, which has just recently been highlighted by the media. It's been a protracted process that began with isolated examinations carried out by researchers who were ordinarily working in various fields of study but recognised the threat's potential. MPs are not traditional chemical contaminants, but rather a complex array of manmade detritus made up of various sizes, polymers, chemical additives, and sorbed pollution. The MP study is still in its infancy stage since it continues to be hampered by a lack of defined protocols and methodologies for investigating MPs in the laboratory. The use of MPs in laboratory research necessitates precise particle characterization to link the impacts of microplastics to their characteristics. To understand microplastic transit, deposition, and toxic effects, it is vital to distinguish between MP particles and those that are not. This thesis has primarily focused on the application of a new technology for analyzing MPs, based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRs). As revealed by the bibliometric analysis of characterizing MPs by Fourier-Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, NIRs have only lately been applied, notably in the form of the miniaturized spectrometer (NIRs). Although NIR spectroscopy has been used as a standard tool for online quality assurance in food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals for decades, its ability to analyse microplastics in various environmental matrices has only recently been recognized. The workflow of this thesis begins with the use of handheld MicroNIR to analyse urban plastic garbage and construct an in-house NIR spectrum library, showcasing the usage of portable technology in the recycling sector. Because most libraries are constructed with virgin polymers, spectral shifts caused by MPs degradation are frequently missed. As a result, a new, more durable library searching algorithm capable of dealing with the difficulty of comparing degraded MPs to pristine polymer references was necessary. The second section discussed the significance of using reference materials in MP research and compares three techniques for producing MPs for research laboratories. This work will make it easier to comprehend the morphologies of MPs produced from the same parent particle using diverse techniques in a short period, allowing MP research to accelerate. The third section is based on the proof-of-concept study to analyse mixtures of microplastics through a handheld Near-Infrared Spectrometer. Given that, this study has proven the possibility of a portable tiny near-infrared spectrometer (MicroNIR) paired with chemometric methodologies for the measurement of secondary MPs mixes created at a laboratory scale for the first time. Extraction and purification are followed by identification and quantification in the MP analysis. The extraction of MPs from any environmental matrix is the most important phase since it is controlled by the matrix type and microplastic's size, shape, and density. As a result, the extraction technique should be tailored to the type of matrix under consideration. Following this idea, a comprehensive description of microplastic extraction processes distinguished by environmental matrix is offered at the end of this thesis in the form of a review. With concluding remarks, the final chapter gives a glimpse into the study's future prospects