Secure and Proficient Cross Layer (SPCL) QoS Framework for Mobile Ad-hoc

A cross layer QoS framework is a complete system that provides required QoS services to each node present in the network. All components within it cooperate together for providing the required services. In existing QoS frameworks there is no security mechanism provided while Security is a critical aspect for QoS in the MANET environment. Cross layer QoS framework  tend to be vulnerable to a number of threats and attacks like, over/under-reporting of available bandwidth, over-reservation, state table starvation, QoS degradation,  information disclosure, theft of services timing attack, flooding attack, replay attack, and denial of service (DoS) attack,  attacks on information in transit and attacks against routing. So it is necessary when designing protocols for QoS framework, the harmony between security and QoS must be present as one impacts the others. In this work we proposed secure and proficient cross layer (SPCL) QoS frameworks which prevents from various types of threats and attacks.  The proposed SPCL QoS framework achieves better performance compared to existing QoS frameworks  in metrics of throughput, packet drop ratio, end-to-end delay, and average jitter in both condition when malicious node present in the network and when malicious node not present in the networ

Advanced Signaling Support for IP-based Networks

This work develops a set of advanced signaling concepts for IP-based networks. It proposes a design for secure and authentic signaling and provides QoS signaling support for mobile users. Furthermore, this work develops methods which allow for scalable QoS signaling by realizing QoS-based group communication mechanisms and through aggregation of resource reservations

The Fog of War Reform: Change and Structure in the Law of Armed Conflict After September 11

Salim Hamdan’s conviction in a military commission for material support of Al Qaeda separates utilitarians, who generally defer to state power, from protective theorists, who seek to shield civilians by curbing official discretion. Utilitarians view military commissions as efficient means for trying suspected terrorists. Protective theorists criticize the amorphous nature of material support charges. The clash between utilitarians and protective theorists colors other issues, including “enhanced” interrogation and limits on targeting. Protective theorists merit praise for their scrutiny of interrogation. In contrast, utilitarians have trivialized interrogation abuses. However, protective theorists’ scrutiny of states is burdened by hindsight bias. Failing to recognize the challenges faced by states, protective theorists have ignored the risk to civilians posed by changes such as the International Committee of the Red Cross’ Guidance on Direct Participation in Hostilities that create a “revolving door” shielding bomb makers for terrorist groups. To move beyond the utilitarian–protective debate, this piece advances a structural approach informed by two values: a linear time horizon and holistic signaling. Drawing on cognitive studies of humans’ flawed temporal judgment and the Framers’ work on institutional design, a linear time horizon curbs both myopia that infects officials and hindsight bias that plagues the protective model. Holistic signaling requires the United States to support the law of armed conflict, even (or especially) when adversaries such as Al Qaeda reject that framework. Applying the structural test, a state can use a sliding scale of imminence and necessity to justify targeting Al Qaeda-affiliated terrorists in states unwilling or unable to apprehend them. However, the material support charges against Hamdan signal a troubling turn to victors’ justice

Routing and Quality of Service in Mobile AdHoc Networks with TORA/INORA

Mobile Adhoc NETworks(MANETs) are characterized by bandwidth constrainedlinks, multiple hops and dynamic topologies. Routing and providing qualityof service in these networks is a highly challenging task. In this thesis,we discuss the unicast routing in MANETs with enhancements to the Temporally OrderedRouting Algorithm(TORA) and quality of service at the network layer with INORA. Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) is a highly distributed, scalable routingprotocol for MANETs. We discuss the improvements in the performance of TORA by QueryLocalization. We also discuss the improvements to TORA to remove aspecific traffic instability problem in TORA. We also describe theproactive operation of TORA and show by simulations that it is generally a good idea to have thegateway nodes in a MANET proactively perform route building and route maintenance. We propose INORA, a network layer QoS support mechanism in adhoc networks, which makesuse of the INSIGNIA in-band signaling mechanism and TORA. We present aneffective couplingbetween TORA and INSIGNIA to get routes that are "best-able" to provide QoS requirementsfor a flow. INORA also provides congestion control. We present two schemes called"Coarse feedback scheme" and "Fine feedback scheme" under the INORA frame work. Weshow that under heavily loaded conditions, the INORA schemes perform better than whenthe signaling protocol and the routing protocol operate without feedback.<p

INORA- A Unified Signaling and Routing Protocol in Mobile AdHoc networks

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks(MANET) are characterized by bandwidthconstrained wireless links, multiple hops and highly dynamic topologies.Providing QoS support in MANETs is hence a challenging task. Thispaper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of INORA,which is a network layer QoS support mechanism that makes use of theINSIGNIA in-band signaling mechanism and TORA routing protocol forMANETs. TORA provides multiple routes between a given source and destination.We present an effective coupling between TORA and INSIGNIA to getroutes that are "best-able" to provide QoS requirements fora flow. INORA also combines congestion control with routing

INORA- A Unified Signaling cum Routing Mechanism for QoS Support in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Mobile Adhoc Networks are characterized by bandwidth constrained wireless links, multiple hops and highly dynamic topologies. Thus, providing QoS support in MANETs is a challenging task. This paper presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a network layer QoS support mechanism which makes use of the INSIGNIA inband signaling mechanism and TORA routing protocol for MANETs. TORA provides multiple routes between a given source and destination. We present an effective coupling between TORA and INSIGNIA to get routes that are "best-able" to provide QoS requirements for a flow. INORA also combines congestion control with routing

Non-target effects of strobilurin fungicide applications on creeping bentgrass putting greens during summer stress

Previous research has indicated that strobilurin fungicide applications may improve summer stress tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens. In this experiment, strobilurin fungicides were integrated within a summer fungicide program to evaluate disease severity and plant physiological effects. Fungicide programs were applied on a ‘Dominant Southern’ creeping bentgrass putting green; all of which consisted of five fungicide spray applications from June to August during 2011 and 2012. The 2nd and 5th application in each program consisted of a strobilurin fungicide. Strobilurin fungicides evaluated included pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, or trifloxystrobin. The remaining fungicide applications were identical across programs. Measurements of visual quality, spectral reflectance, turfgrass cover, rooting characteristics, and disease severity were collected. The non-treated control was similar to treated plots in all parameters in 2011, and until 42 and 56 days after initial treatment (DAIT) the following year. At this time, fungicide programs began to exhibit greater visual quality, turfgrass cover, and spectral reflectance compared to the non-treated control. Differences in physiological effects coincided with the first observation of brown patch (Rhizoctonia Solani Kühn) in the experimental area. These data suggest that strobilurin fungicides exhibit excellent efficacy for disease control during summer, and that direct physiological effects may be transient and observable over the long term. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to determine if applications of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, and trifloxystrobin could improve plant physiological effects of a ‘Dominant Southern’ creeping bentgrass putting green in the absence of visible foliar disease. Experimental units were arranged in a split-plot randomized complete block design. A fungicide mixture containing chlorothalonil and iprodione and a no fungicide treatment served as the whole-plots. Chlorothalonil and iprodione were applied at 14-day intervals. Sub-plots were treated with strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, and trifloxystrobin) and a non-treated control. Sub-plots were applied at 14-day intervals. Neither differences in disease severity nor any physiological effect was observed on any assessment date over the course of two years. The results of this experiment suggest that while strobilurin fungicides perform well for disease control, detectable plant physiological effects under field conditions were limited