292 research outputs found
Bacterial Memetic Algorithm Trained Fuzzy System-Based Model of Single Weld Bead Geometry
This article presents a fuzzy system-based modeling approach to estimate the weld bead geometry (WBG) from the welding process variables (WPVs) and to achieve a specific weld bead shape. The bacterial memetic algorithm (BMA) is applied to solve these problems in two different roles, as a supervised trainer, and as an optimizer. As a supervised trainer, the BMA is applied to tune two different WBG models. The bead geometry properties (BGP) model follows a traditional approach providing the WBG properties as outputs. The direct profile measurement (DPM) model describes the bead profiles points by a non-linear function realized in the form of fuzzy rules. As an optimizer, the BMA utilizes the developed fuzzy systems to find the solution sets of WPVs to acquire the desired WBG. The best performance is achieved by applying six rules in the BGP model and eleven rules in the DPM model. The results indicate that the normalized root means square error for the validation data set lies in the range of 0:40 - 1:56% for the BGP model and 4:49 - 7:52% for the DPM model. The comparative analysis suggests that the
BGP model estimates the BWG in a superior manner when several WPVs are altered. The developed fuzzy systems provide a tool for interpreting the effects of the WPVs. The developed optimizer provides multiple valid set of WPVs to produce the desired WBG, thus supporting the selection of those process variables in applications
Realization of the true 3D printing using multi directional wire and arc additive manufacturing
Robotic wire and arc based additive manufacturing has been used in fabricating of metallic parts owing to its advantages of lower capital investment, higher deposition rates, and better material properties. Although many achievements have been made, the build direction of Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is still limited in the vertical up direction, resulting in extra supporting structure usage while fabricating metallic parts with overhanging features. Thus, the current WAAM technology should be also called 2.5D printing rather than 3D printing. In order to simplify the deposition set up and increase the flexibility of the WAAM process, it is necessary to find an alternative approach for the deposition of ‘overhangs’ in a true 3D space. This dissertation attempts to realize true 3D printing by developing a novel multi directional WAAM system using robotic Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) to additively manufacture metal components in multiple directions. Several key steps including process development, welding defect investigation and avoidance, and robot path generation are presented in this study
Towards the Fabrication Strategies for Intelligent Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing of Wire Structures from CAD Input to Finished Product
With the increasing demand for freedom of part design in the industry, additive manufacturing (AM) has become a vital fabrication process for manufacturing metallic workpieces with high geometrical complexity. Among all metal additive manufacturing technologies, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), which uses gas metal arc welding (GMAW), is gaining popularity for rapid prototyping of sizeable metallic workpieces due to its high deposition rate, low processing conditions limit, and environmental friendliness. In recent years, WAAM has been developed synergistically with industrial robotic systems or CNC machining centers, enabling multi-axis free-form deposition in 3D space. On this basis, the current research of WAAM has gradually focused on fabricating strut-based wire structures to enhance its capability of producing low-fidelity workpieces with high spatial complexity. As a typical wire structure, the large-size free-form lattice structure, featuring lightweight, superior energy absorption, and a high strength-weight ratio, has received extensive attention in developing its WAAM fabrication process.
However, there is currently no sophisticated WAAM system commercially available in the industry to implement an automated fabrication process of wire or lattice structures. The challenges faced in depositing wire structures include the lack of methods to effectively identify individual struts in wire structures, 3D slicing algorithms for the whole wire structures, and path planning algorithms to establish reasonable deposition paths for these generated discrete sliced layers. Moreover, the welded area of the struts within the wire structure is relatively small, so the strut forming is more sensitive and more easily affected by the interlayer temperature. Therefore, the control and prediction of strut formation during the fabricating process is still another industry challenge. Simultaneously, there is also an urgent need to improve the processing efficiency of these structures while ensuring the reliability of their forming result
End-to-end path planning for homogeneous temperature fields in additive manufacturing
This study explores a novel approach to path planning in deposition-based additive manufacturing, integrating the frequently overlooked process-induced temperature fields. Currently, existing approaches either ignore temperature effects entirely or only consider them in small-scale problems due to the high computational cost involved in predicting them and the combinatorial nature of path planning optimization. To address these challenges, the present work proposes an optimization pipeline that involves deriving a reduced order model from a finite volume method model with balanced truncation, using an analytical function to model the heat input and, calculating the steady-state response of the system to an arbitrary path using the Laplace transformation. Then, the optimization is transformed into a sequential decision-making problem and approximated with Monte Carlo tree search. The pipeline is validated through computational and experimental results, demonstrating its efficiency in managing large and complex geometries, as well as its resilience in overcoming the challenges posed by the simulation to reality gap
Optimization with artificial intelligence in additive manufacturing: a systematic review
In situations requiring high levels of customization and limited production volumes, additive manufacturing (AM) is a frequently utilized technique with several benefits. To properly configure all the parameters required to produce final goods of the utmost quality, AM calls for qualified designers and experienced operators. This research demonstrates how, in this scenario, artificial intelligence (AI) could significantly enable designers and operators to enhance additive manufacturing. Thus, 48 papers have been selected from the comprehensive collection of research using a systematic literature review to assess the possibilities that AI may bring to AM. This review aims to better understand the current state of AI methodologies that can be applied to optimize AM technologies and the potential future developments and applications of AI algorithms in AM. Through a detailed discussion, it emerges that AI might increase the efficiency of the procedures associated with AM, from simulation optimization to in-process monitoring
Process control for WAAM using computer vision
This study is mainly about the vision system and control algorithm programming for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Arc additive manufacturing technology is formed by the principle of heat source cladding produced by welders using molten inert gas shielded welding (MIG), tungsten inert gas shielded welding (TIG) and layered plasma welding power supply (PA). It has high deposition efficiency, short manufacturing cycle, low cost, and easy maintenance.
Although WAAM has very good uses in various fields, the inability to control the adding process in real time has led to defects in the weld and reduced quality. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the real-time feedback through computer vision and algorithms for WAAM to ensure that the thickness and the width of each layer during the addition process are the same
Optimisation of welding parameters to mitigate the effect of residual stress on the fatigue life of nozzle–shell welded joints in cylindrical pressure vessels.
Doctoral Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.The process of welding steel structures inadvertently causes residual stress as a result of thermal
cycles that the material is subjected to. These welding-induced residual stresses have been shown
to be responsible for a number of catastrophic failures in critical infrastructure installations such
as pressure vessels, ship’s hulls, steel roof structures, and others. The present study examines the
relationship between welding input parameters and the resultant residual stress, fatigue
properties, weld bead geometry and mechanical properties of welded carbon steel pressure
vessels. The study focuses on circumferential nozzle-to-shell welds, which have not been studied
to this extent until now.
A hybrid methodology including experimentation, numerical analysis, and mathematical
modelling is employed to map out the relationship between welding input parameters and the
output weld characteristics in order to further optimize the input parameters to produce an optimal
welded joint whose stress and fatigue characteristics enhance service life of the welded structure.
The results of a series of experiments performed show that the mechanical properties such as
hardness are significantly affected by the welding process parameters and thereby affect the
service life of a welded pressure vessel. The weld geometry is also affected by the input
parameters of the welding process such that bead width and bead depth will vary depending on
the parametric combination of input variables. The fatigue properties of a welded pressure vessel
structure are affected by the residual stress conditions of the structure. The fractional factorial
design technique shows that the welding current (I) and voltage (V) are statistically significant
controlling parameters in the welding process.
The results of the neutron diffraction (ND) tests reveal that there is a high concentration of
residual stresses close to the weld centre-line. These stresses subside with increasing distance
from the centre-line. The resultant hoop residual stress distribution shows that the hoop stresses
are highly tensile close to the weld centre-line, decrease in magnitude as the distance from the
weld centre-line increases, then decrease back to zero before changing direction to compressive
further away from the weld centre-line. The hoop stress distribution profile on the flange side is
similar to that of the pipe side around the circumferential weld, and the residual stress peak values
are equal to or higher than the yield strength of the filler material. The weld specimens failed at
the weld toe where the hoop stress was generally highly tensile in most of the welded specimens.
The multiobjective genetic algorithm is successfully used to produce a set of optimal solutions
that are in agreement with values obtained during experiments. The 3D finite element model
produced using MSC Marc software is generally comparable to physical experimentation. The
results obtained in the present study are in agreement with similar studies reported in the
literature
Prediction of welding responses using AI approach : adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and genetic programming
Laser welding of thin sheets has widespread application in various fields such as battery manufacturing, automobiles, aviation, electronics circuits and medical sciences. Hence, it is very essential to develop a predictive model using artificial intelligence in order to achieve high-quality weldments in an economical manner. In the present study, two advanced artificial intelligence techniques, namely adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and multi-gene genetic programming (MGGP), were implemented to predict the welding responses such as heat-affected zone, surface roughness and welding strength during joining of thin sheets using Nd:YAG laser. The study attempts to develop an appropriate predictive model for the welding process. In the proposed methodology, 70% of the experimental data constitutes the training set whereas remaining 30% data is used as testing set. The results of this study indicated that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of tested data set ranges between 7 and 16% for MGGP model, while RMSE for testing data set lies 18–35% for ANFIS model. The study indicates that the MGGP predicts the welding responses in a superior manner in laser welding process and can be applied for accurate prediction of performance measures
Geometry Prediction in Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Using Machine Learning
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing has disruptive potential for modern manufacturing. The
technology comes with the flexibility and material efficiency of additive manufacturing
processes while mitigating the disadvantages through high material output and high energy
efficiency. The prevalence of the technology is inhibited by the large induced residual
stresses and geometrical inaccuracy. This work tackles the latter by assessing the process
parameter-geometry relationship using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. To do so,
multiple mild steel welding beads with varying shape features like corner angle are printed
using a Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding machine attached to an industrial robot. The cross sectional profile of the printed beads is measured using a point laser sensor and correlated
through different ML algorithms to input features such as travel speed (TS), wire feed
speed (WFS), interlayer temperature, and shape features. By incorporating varying bead
shapes, a holistic model, not limited to geometry prediction of straight beads only, is
trained. Thus, the model holds the potential to learn the process parameter-geometry
relationship for different shape features of a part. Using the model, excess material at the
inner angle of corners determined by the overlapping regions of the two adjacent beads can
be predicted. By generating a database of possible bead shapes a inverse algorithm was
created, that suggests welding parameter combinations resulting in a smoother bead shape
at corners. Additionally, a study on the transferability of common bead geometry prediction
models on other research testbeds was conducted. The importance of input features for
transferability is assessed and the potential to increase transferability by infusing the model
training with mass conservation is examined.M.S
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