5 research outputs found
Evaluating routing metric composition approaches for QoS differentiation in low power and lossy networks
Summarization: The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) in a wide variety of application domains has been intensively pursued lately while Future Internet designers consider WSN as a network architecture paradigm that provides abundant real-life real-time information which can be exploited to enhance the user experience. The wealth of applications running on WSNs imposes different Quality of Service requirements on the underlying network with respect to delay, reliability and loss. At the same time, WSNs present intricacies such as limited energy, node and network resources. To meet the applicationâs requirements while respecting the characteristics and limitations of the WSN, appropriate routing metrics have to be adopted by the routing protocol. These metrics can be primary (e.g. expected transmission count) to capture a specific effect (e.g. link reliability) and achieve a specific goal (e.g. low number of retransmissions to economize resources) or composite (e.g. combining latency with remaining energy) to satisfy different applications needs and WSNs requirements (e.g. low latency and energy consumption at the same time). In this paper, (a) we specify primary routing metrics and ways to combine them into composite routing metrics, (b) we prove (based on the routing algebra formalism) that these metrics can be utilized in such a way that the routing protocol converges to optimal paths in a loop-free manner and (c) we apply the proposed approach to the RPL protocol specified by the ROLL group of IETF for such low power and lossy link networks to quantify the achieved performance through extensive computer simulations.Presented on: Wireless Network
QOS-Aware and Status-Aware Adaptive Resource Allocation Framework in SDN-Based IOT Middleware
«LâInternet des objets (IdO) est une infrastructure mondiale pour la sociĂ©tĂ© de lâinformation, qui permet de disposer de services Ă©voluĂ©s en interconnectant des objets (physiques
ou virtuels) grĂące aux technologies de lâinformation et de la communication interopĂ©rables existantes ou en Ă©volution. »[1] La vision de lâInternet des Objets est dâĂ©tendre lâInternet dans nos vies quotidiennes afin dâamĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© de vie des personnes, de sorte que le nombre dâappareils connectĂ©s et dâapplications innovantes augmente trĂšs rapidement pour amener lâintelligence dans diffĂ©rents
secteurs comme la ville, le transport ou la santĂ©. En 2020, les Ă©tudes affirment que les appareils connectĂ©s Ă Internet devraient compter entre 26 milliards et 50 milliards dâunitĂ©s. [2, 3] La qualitĂ© de service dâapplication IoT dĂ©pend non seulement du rĂ©seau Internet et de lâinfrastructure de communication, mais aussi du fonctionnement et des performances des appareils IoT. Par consĂ©quent, les nouveaux paramĂštres de QoS tels que la prĂ©cision des donnĂ©es et la disponibilitĂ© des appareils deviennent importants pour les applications IoT par rapport aux applications Internet. Le grand nombre de dispositifs et dâapplications IoT connectĂ©s Ă Internet, et le flux de
trafic spontanĂ© entre eux rendent la gestion de la qualitĂ© de service complexe Ă travers lâinfrastructure Internet. Dâun autre cĂŽtĂ©, les dispositifs non-IP et leurs capacitĂ©s limitĂ©es en termes dâĂ©nergie et de transmission crĂ©ent lâenvironnement dynamique et contraint. De plus, lâinterconnexion de bout en bout entre les dispositifs et les applications nâest pas possible. Aussi, les applications sont intĂ©ressĂ©es par les donnĂ©es collectĂ©es, pas Ă la source spĂ©cifique qui les produit. Le Software Defined Networking (SDN) est un nouveau paradigme pour les rĂ©seaux informatiques apparu rĂ©cemment pour cacher la complexitĂ© de lâarchitecture de rĂ©seau traditionnelle (par exemple de lâInternet) et briser la fermeture des systĂšmes de rĂ©seau dans les fonctions de contrĂŽle et de donnĂ©es. Il permet aux propriĂ©taires et aux administrateurs de rĂ©seau de contrĂŽler et de gĂ©rer le comportement du rĂ©seau par programme, en dĂ©couplant le plan de contrĂŽle du plan de donnĂ©es. SDN a le potentiel de rĂ©volutionner les rĂ©seaux informatiques
classiques existants, en offrant plusieurs avantages tels que la gestion centralisĂ©e, la programmabilitĂ© du rĂ©seau, lâefficacitĂ© des coĂ»ts dâexploitation, et les innovations. Dans cette thĂšse, nous Ă©tudions la gestion de ressources sur lâinfrastructure IoT, y compris les rĂ©seaux de transport/Internet et de dĂ©tection. Nous profitons de la technologie SDN comme le futur dâInternet pour offrir un systĂšme de support QoS flexible et adaptatif pour les services IoT. Nous prĂ©sentons un intergiciel basĂ© sur SDN pour dĂ©finir un cadre de gestion de QoS pour gĂ©rer les besoins spĂ©cifiques de chaque application Ă travers lâinfrastructure IoT. De plus, nous proposons un nouveau modĂšle QoS qui prend en compte les prĂ©fĂ©rences de QoS
des applications et lâĂ©tat des Ă©lĂ©ments de rĂ©seau pour allouer efficacement les ressources sur le rĂ©seau transport/Internet basĂ© sur SDN tout en maximisant les performances du rĂ©seau.----------ABSTRACT: The Internet of Things (IoT) is an integration of various kinds of technologies, wherein heterogeneous objects with capabilities of sensing, actuation, communication, computation, networking, and storage are rapidly developed to collect the data for the users and applications. The IoT vision is to extend the Internet into our everyday lives, so the number of connected devices and innovative applications are growing very fast to bring intelligence into
as many domains as possible. The QoS for IoT application not only depends on the Internet network and communication
infrastructure, it is also impacted by the operation and performance of IoT sensing infrastructure. Therefore, the new QoS parameters such as data accuracy, sampling rate, and
device availability become important for the IoT applications compared to the Internet applications. The huge number of the Internet-connected IoT devices and application, and the spontaneous traffic flow among them make the management of the quality of service complex
across the Internet infrastructure. On the other hand, the non-IP devices and their limited capabilities in terms of energy and transmission create the dynamic environment and hinder the direct interaction between devices and applications. The quality of service is becoming one of the critical non-functional IoT element which needs research and studies. A flexible and scalable QoS management mechanism must be implemented in IoT system to keep up with the growth rate of the Internet-connected IoT devices and applications as well as their heterogeneity and diversity. The solution should address the IoT application requirements and user satisfaction while considering the system dynamism, limitations, and characteristics. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm in computer networking which separates the control plane and the data plane of the network elements. It makes the network
elements programmable via the centralized control plane. This approach enables more agile management and control over the network behavior. In this thesis, we take advantage of SDN technology as the future of the Internet to offer a
flexible and adaptive QoS support scheme for the IoT services. We present an SDN-based middleware to define a QoS management framework to manage the application specific QoS
needs across the IoT infrastructure including transport and sensing network. Also, we propose a new QoS model that takes into account the application QoS preferences and the network
elements status to allocate effectively the resources for the applications across SDN network while maximizing network performance
On reliable and secure RPL (routing protocol low-power and lossy networks) based monitoring and surveillance in oil and gas fields
Different efforts have been made to specify protocols and algorithms for the successful operation of the Internet of things Networks including, for instance, the Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) and Linear Sensor Networks (LSNs). Into such efforts, IETF, the Internet Engineering Task Force, created a working group named, ROLL, to investigate the requirement of such networks and devising more efficient solutions. The effort of this group has resulted in the specification of the IPv6 Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL), which was standardized in 2012. However, since the introduction of RPL, several studies have reported that it suffers from various limitations and weaknesses including scalability, slow convergence, unfairness of load distribution, inefficiency of bidirectional communication and security, among many others. For instance, a serious problem is RPLâs under-specification of DAO messages which may result in conflict and inefficient implementations leading to a poor performance and scalability issues. Furthermore, RPL has been found to suffer from several security issues including, for instance, the DAO flooding attack, in which the attacker floods the network with control messages aiming to exhaust network resources. Another fundamental issue is related to the scarcity of the studies that investigate RPL suitability for Linear Sensor Networks (LSN) and devising solution in the lieu of that.Motivated by these observations, the publications within this thesis aim to tackle some of the key gaps of the RPL by introducing more efficient and secure routing solutions in consideration of the specific requirements of LLNs in general and LSNs as a special case. To this end, the first publication proposes an enhanced version of RPL called Enhanced-RPL aimed at mitigating the memory overflow and the under-specification of the of DAOs messages. Enhanced-RPL has shown significant reduction in control messages overhead by up to 64% while maintaining comparable reliability to RPL. The second publication introduces a new technique to address the DAO attack of RPL which has been shown to be effective in mitigating the attack reducing the DAO overhead and latency by up to 205% and 181% respectively as well as increasing the PDR by up to 6% latency. The third and fourth publications focus on analysing the optimal placement of nodes and sink movement pattern (fixed or mobile) that RPL should adopt in LSNs. It was concluded based on the results obtained that RPL should opt for fixed sinks with 10 m distance between deployed nodes
Performance Assessment of Routing Protocols for IoT/6LoWPAN Networks
The Internet of Things (IoT) proposes a disruptive communication paradigm that allows
smart objects to exchange data among themselves to reach a common goal. IoT application
scenarios are multiple and can range from a simple smart home lighting system to fully controlled
automated manufacturing chains. In the majority of IoT deployments, things are equipped with
small devices that can suffer from severe hardware and energy restrictions that are responsible
for performing data processing and wireless communication tasks. Thus, due to their features,
communication networks that are used by these devices are generally categorized as Low Power
and Lossy Networks (LLNs).
The considerable variation in IoT applications represents a critical issue to LLN networks,
which should offer support to different requirements as well as keeping reasonable
quality-of-service (QoS) levels. Based on this challenge, routing protocols represent a key issue
in IoT scenarios deployment. Routing protocols are responsible for creating paths among devices
and their interactions. Hence, network performance and features are highly dependent
on protocol behavior. Also, based on the adopted protocol, the support for some specific requirements
of IoT applications may or may not be provided. Thus, a routing protocol should be
projected to attend the needs of the applications considering the limitations of the device that
will execute them.
Looking to attend the demand of routing protocols for LLNs and, consequently, for IoT
networks, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has designed and standardized the IPv6
Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This protocol, although being robust
and offering features to fulfill the need of several applications, still presents several faults and
weaknesses (mainly related to its high complexity and memory requirement), which limits its
adoption in IoT scenarios. An alternative to RPL, the Lightweight On-demand Ad Hoc Distancevector
Routing Protocol â Next Generation (LOADng) has emerged as a less complicated routing
solution for LLNs. However, the cost of its simplicity is paid for with the absence of adequate
support for a critical set of features required for many IoT environments. Thus, based on the
challenging open issues related to routing in IoT networks, this thesis aims to study and propose
contributions to better attend the network requirements of IoT scenarios. A comprehensive survey,
reviewing state-of-the-art routing protocols adopted for IoT, identified the strengths and
weaknesses of current solutions available in the literature. Based on the identified limitations,
a set of improvements is designed to overcome these issues and enhance IoT network performance.
The novel solutions are proposed to include reliable and efficient support to attend
the needs of IoT applications, such as mobility, heterogeneity, and different traffic patterns.
Moreover, mechanisms to improve the network performance in IoT scenarios, which integrate
devices with different communication technologies, are introduced.
The studies conducted to assess the performance of the proposed solutions showed
the high potential of the proposed solutions. When the approaches presented in this thesis
were compared with others available in the literature, they presented very promising results
considering the metrics related to the Quality of Service (QoS), network and energy efficiency,
and memory usage as well as adding new features to the base protocols. Hence, it is believed
that the proposed improvements contribute to the state-of-the-art of routing solutions for IoT
networks, increasing the performance and adoption of enhanced protocols.A Internet das Coisas, do inglĂȘs Internet of Things (IoT), propĂ”e um paradigma de
comunicação disruptivo para possibilitar que dispositivos, que podem ser dotados de comportamentos
autónomos ou inteligentes, troquem dados entre eles buscando alcançar um objetivo
comum. Os cenårios de aplicação do IoT são muito variados e podem abranger desde um simples
sistema de iluminação para casa até o controle total de uma linha de produção industrial. Na
maioria das instalaçÔes IoT, as âcoisasâ sĂŁo equipadas com um pequeno dispositivo, responsĂĄvel
por realizar as tarefas de comunicação e processamento de dados, que pode sofrer com severas
restriçÔes de hardware e energia. Assim, devido Ă s suas caracterĂsticas, a rede de comunicação
criada por esses dispositivos Ă© geralmente categorizada como uma Low Power and Lossy Network
(LLN).
A grande variedade de cenĂĄrios IoT representam uma questĂŁo crucial para as LLNs,
que devem oferecer suporte aos diferentes requisitos das aplicaçÔes, alĂ©m de manter nĂveis
de qualidade de serviço, do inglĂȘs Quality of Service (QoS), adequados. Baseado neste desafio,
os protocolos de encaminhamento constituem um aspecto chave na implementação de
cenĂĄrios IoT. Os protocolos de encaminhamento sĂŁo responsĂĄveis por criar os caminhos entre
os dispositivos e permitir suas interaçÔes. Assim, o desempenho e as caracterĂsticas da rede
sĂŁo altamente dependentes do comportamento destes protocolos. Adicionalmente, com base
no protocolo adotado, o suporte a alguns requisitos especĂficos das aplicaçÔes de IoT podem
ou nĂŁo ser fornecidos. Portanto, estes protocolos devem ser projetados para atender as necessidades
das aplicaçÔes assim como considerando as limitaçÔes do hardware no qual serão
executados.
Procurando atender Ă s necessidades dos protocolos de encaminhamento em LLNs e,
consequentemente, das redes IoT, a Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) desenvolveu e padronizou
o IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). O protocolo, embora
seja robusto e ofereça recursos para atender às necessidades de diferentes aplicaçÔes, apresenta
algumas falhas e fraquezas (principalmente relacionadas com a sua alta complexidade e
necessidade de memória) que limitam sua adoção em cenårios IoT. Em alternativa ao RPL, o
Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol â Next Generation (LOADng)
emergiu como uma solução de encaminhamento menos complexa para as LLNs. Contudo, o
preço da simplicidade é pago com a falta de suporte adequado para um conjunto de recursos
essenciais necessårios em muitos ambientes IoT. Assim, inspirado pelas desafiadoras questÔes
ainda em aberto relacionadas com o encaminhamento em redes IoT, esta tese tem como objetivo
estudar e propor contribuiçÔes para melhor atender os requisitos de rede em cenårios IoT.
Uma profunda e abrangente revisĂŁo do estado da arte sobre os protocolos de encaminhamento
adotados em IoT identificou os pontos fortes e limitaçÔes das soluçÔes atuais. Com base nas debilidades
encontradas, um conjunto de soluçÔes de melhoria Ă© proposto para superar carĂȘncias
existentes e melhorar o desempenho das redes IoT. As novas soluçÔes são propostas para incluir
um suporte confiåvel e eficiente capaz atender às necessidades das aplicaçÔes IoT relacionadas
com suporte à mobilidade, heterogeneidade dos dispositivos e diferentes padrÔes de tråfego.
Além disso, são introduzidos mecanismos para melhorar o desempenho da rede em cenårios IoT
que integram dispositivos com diferentes tecnologias de comunicação.
Os vårios estudos realizados para mensurar o desempenho das soluçÔes propostas mostraram
o grande potencial do conjunto de melhorias introduzidas. Quando comparadas com
outras abordagens existentes na literatura, as soluçÔes propostas nesta tese demonstraram um aumento do desempenho consistente para métricas relacionadas a qualidade de serviço, uso de
memĂłria, eficiĂȘncia energĂ©tica e de rede, alĂ©m de adicionar novas funcionalidades aos protocolos
base. Portanto, acredita-se que as melhorias propostas contribuiem para o avanço do estado
da arte em soluçÔes de encaminhamento para redes IoT e aumentar a adoção e utilização dos
protocolos estudados