2,092 research outputs found
Evolutionary ecology of obligate fungal and microsporidian invertebrate pathogens
The interactions between hosts and their parasites and pathogens are omnipresent in the natural world. These symbioses are not only key players in ecosystem functioning, but also drive genetic diversity through co-evolutionary adaptations. Within the speciose invertebrates, a plethora of interactions with obligate fungal and microsporidian pathogens exist, however the known interactions is likely only a fraction of the true diversity. Obligate invertebrate fungal and microsporidian pathogen require a host to continue their life cycle, some of which have specialised in certain host species and require host death to transmit to new hosts. Due to their requirement to kill a host to spread to a new one, obligate fungal and microsporidian pathogens regulate invertebrate host populations. Pathogen specialisation to a single or very few hosts has led to some fungi evolving the ability to manipulate their hostâs behaviour to maximise transmission. The entomopathogenic fungus, Entomophthora muscae, infects houseflies (Musca domestica) over a week-long proliferation cycle, resulting in flies climbing to elevated positions, gluing their mouthparts to the substrate surface, and raising their wings to allow for a clear exit from fungal conidia through the host abdomen. These sequential behaviours are all timed to occur within a few hours of sunset. The E. muscae mechanisms used in controlling the mind of the fly remain relatively unknown, and whether other fitness costs ensue from an infection are understudied.European Commissio
Advances and Applications of DSmT for Information Fusion. Collected Works, Volume 5
This ïŹfth volume on Advances and Applications of DSmT for Information Fusion collects theoretical and applied contributions of researchers working in different ïŹelds of applications and in mathematics, and is available in open-access. The collected contributions of this volume have either been published or presented after disseminating the fourth volume in 2015 in international conferences, seminars, workshops and journals, or they are new. The contributions of each part of this volume are chronologically ordered.
First Part of this book presents some theoretical advances on DSmT, dealing mainly with modiïŹed Proportional ConïŹict Redistribution Rules (PCR) of combination with degree of intersection, coarsening techniques, interval calculus for PCR thanks to set inversion via interval analysis (SIVIA), rough set classiïŹers, canonical decomposition of dichotomous belief functions, fast PCR fusion, fast inter-criteria analysis with PCR, and improved PCR5 and PCR6 rules preserving the (quasi-)neutrality of (quasi-)vacuous belief assignment in the fusion of sources of evidence with their Matlab codes.
Because more applications of DSmT have emerged in the past years since the apparition of the fourth book of DSmT in 2015, the second part of this volume is about selected applications of DSmT mainly in building change detection, object recognition, quality of data association in tracking, perception in robotics, risk assessment for torrent protection and multi-criteria decision-making, multi-modal image fusion, coarsening techniques, recommender system, levee characterization and assessment, human heading perception, trust assessment, robotics, biometrics, failure detection, GPS systems, inter-criteria analysis, group decision, human activity recognition, storm prediction, data association for autonomous vehicles, identiïŹcation of maritime vessels, fusion of support vector machines (SVM), Silx-Furtif RUST code library for information fusion including PCR rules, and network for ship classiïŹcation.
Finally, the third part presents interesting contributions related to belief functions in general published or presented along the years since 2015. These contributions are related with decision-making under uncertainty, belief approximations, probability transformations, new distances between belief functions, non-classical multi-criteria decision-making problems with belief functions, generalization of Bayes theorem, image processing, data association, entropy and cross-entropy measures, fuzzy evidence numbers, negator of belief mass, human activity recognition, information fusion for breast cancer therapy, imbalanced data classiïŹcation, and hybrid techniques mixing deep learning with belief functions as well
Bridging Micro- and Macro- Evolution In Tropical Fishes
In marine environments, barriers to dispersal can be challenging to identify because they are often cryptic. Unlike terrestrial environments, where a mountain chain that is visible can physically separate two populations of animals, vast masses of water in the ocean make it challenging to pinpoint these barriers. Therefore, the impact of these barriers on the formation of new species in the ocean is still not well understood. While most marine populations have long been considered to be well connected via long-distance dispersal, molecular ecology studies are increasingly unveiling inconspicuous barriers that promote population divergence and ultimately speciation. The advent of genomic techniques that allow the generation of data for thousands of genes has provided an unprecedented opportunity to uncover marine barriers that were previously invisible using more rudimentary tools. This, in turn, has opened new avenues for understanding of how barriers to dispersal affect population connectivity in the marine environment. The overarching goal of my dissertation is to use genome-wide data to look for genetic patterns that correspond to such barriers, and to test for their effect at short-, intermediate- and long-term evolutionary scales, going through a continuum from micro- to macro-evolution, in a time span from thousands to millions of years.
At the short-scale, I examined two controversial cases of species delimitation. Species delimitation is a major question in biology and is essential for adequate management of organismal diversity. The first challenging case involves the red snappers in the Western Atlantic. Red snappers have been traditionally recognized as two separate species based on morphology: Lutjanus campechanus (northern red snapper) and L. purpureus (southern red snapper). However, recent genetic studies using few molecular markers failed to delineate these nominal species, lumping the northern and southern populations into a single species (L. campechanus). To evaluate if the populations of these fish represent one or two species, my project applied ca. 40,000 genome-wide markers of 178 individuals collected throughout the range of the two species and population and species delimitation analyses. Overall, my results supported the isolation and differentiation of these species, a result that confirmed the morphology-based delimitation scenario, highlighting the benefits of using genome-wide data in complex cases of species delimitation (Chapter I, published in Proc. Roy. Soc. B in 2019).
The second study case involves a species complex of silverside fishes (Chirostoma humboltianum group: Atherinidae) in the Central Mexico plateau. The humboltianum group represents a taxonomically-controversial species complex where previous morphological and molecular studies based on a few genes produced conflicting species delineation scenarios. I applied an integrative approach that considered multiple lines of evidence to investigate the species numbers and boundaries comprising this contentious group. I used ca. 33,000 molecular markers for 77 individuals representing the nine nominal species in the group, spanning their distribution range in the central Mexico plateau, in combination with morphologic and ecologic information. My findings are inconsistent with the morphospecies and ecological delimitation scenarios, identifying three to four species. This study provides an atypical example in which genome-wide analyses delineate fewer species than previously recognized on the basis of morphological data alone. It also highlights the influence of geologic history as a main driver of speciation in the group (Chapter II, published in BMC Eco. Evol. B in 2022).
At the intermediate- scale, I evaluated the influence of historical (e.g., geophysical events) and contemporary barriers (e.g., habitat gaps) hindering genetic flow among populations by studying the spatio-temporal phylogenetic concordance of co-distributed lineages. For this study, I investigated the comparative phylogeography of labrisomid blennies in the genus Malacoctenus. I generated data for ca. 28K genome-wide markers that were sequenced from over 500 individuals collected from 38 locations, representing 23 (out of 25) species of Malacoctenus. With this dataset, I assessed the effect of recognized historical (e.g., the rising of the Isthmus of Panama) and contemporary barriers (e.g., sandy gaps) in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) and the Tropical Atlantic (TA) biogeographic realms. These blennies represent an ideal system to test the effect of such barriers as they are strongly associated with rocky habitats and coral reefs. Therefore, subtle habitat disruptions may lead to genetic isolation. At the micro-evolutionary scale, the observed population structure patterns identified the Sinaloan and Central American breaks as the major breaks in the TEP; and the Bahamas and Eastern Caribbean breaks as key barriers disrupting connectivity in the TA. All in all, the effect of these breaks varies across species, suggesting that species-specific traits (e.g., habitat preference), also greatly influence their dispersal capabilities. My study identified five instances where marine barriers promoted the diversification of independent evolutionary lineages that could potentially represent species complexes. Some of them supported by evidence of population differentiation from previous morphological analyses as well as by my geometric morphometric analyses. Major environmental variables driving population differentiation in the TEP are depth, temperature, chlorophyll altogether with spatial components, while in the TA suspended particle matter also influences diversification.
At the long-term scale, my results suggest that depth is a primary driver of speciation in the TEP, leading to niche divergence between tide pool- and reef-associated clades. In contrast, in the TA, patterns of environmental association appeared more intricate, where depth, temperature, chlorophyll and physical features significantly contributing to speciation in this region. Finally, our time-calibrated analyses at macroevolutionary scales elucidated an Eastern Atlantic origin of the clade followed by an east-to-west dispersal. Although the historical break attributed to the rise of the Isthmus of Panama had a substantial influence on the evolutionary history of the genus, our analyses demonstrate that it did not triggered synchronous cladogenetic events. In summary, by using a combination of population genomics, comparative phylogeography, phylogenomics, seascape genomics, and geometric morphometric approaches, this study highlights major contemporary and historical barriers hindering population connectivity in the TEP and TA biogeographic regions, enhancing our understanding of the forces and processes generating new species in marine systems (Chapter III, to be submitted for publication).
All in all, my thesis highlights that the use of genome-wide data provides unprecedented resolution to unveil patterns of genetic structure, commonly unraveling cryptic diversity, and the opportunity to address species delimitation problems. By uncovering the spatio-temporal genetic patterns of fishes along the evolutionary continuum, my dissertation provides novel insights into the evolutionary and biogeographic history of marine and freshwater Neotropical fishes. Overall, my dissertation not only helps to understand the evolutionary history of the species under study, but more generally, elucidate factors driving evolutionary process in the marine realm, ranging from population-level scales, to speciation, to higher level relationships among groups
Designs of Blackness
Across more than two centuries Afro-America has created a huge and dazzling variety of literary self-expression. Designs of Blackness provides less a narrative literary history than, precisely, a series of mappingsâeach literary-critical and comparative while at the same time offering cultural and historical context. This carefully re-edited version of the 1998 publication opens with an estimation of earliest African American voice in the names of Phillis Wheatley and her contemporaries. It then takes up the huge span of autobiography from Frederick Douglass through to Maya Angelou. "Harlem on My Mind," which follows, sets out the literary contours of Americaâs premier black city. Womanism, Alice Walkerâs presiding term, is given full due in an analysis of fiction from Harriet E. Wilson to Toni Morrison. Richard Wright is approached not as some regulation "realist" but as a more inward, at times near-surreal, author. Decadology has its risks but the 1940s has rarely been approached as a unique era of war and peace and especially in African American texts. Beat Generation work usually adheres to Ginsberg and Kerouac, but black Beat writing invites its own chapter in the names of Amiri Baraka, Ted Joans and Bob Kaufman. The 1960s has long become a mythic change-decade, and in few greater respects than as a black theatre both of the stage and politics. In Leon Forrest African America had a figure of the postmodern turn: his work is explored in its own right and for how it takes its place in the context of other reflexive black fiction. "African American Fictions of Passing" unpacks the whole deceptive trope of "race" in writing from Williams Wells Brown through to Charles Johnson. The two newly added chapters pursue African American literary achievement into the Obama-Trump century, fiction from Octavia Butler to Darryl Pinkney, poetry from Rita Dove to Kevin Young
The impact of differential temperatures (30°C versus 45°C) on the methanogenic community in Philippine rice field soil
Methanogenese ist eine der bedeutendsten biogenen Quellen fĂŒr atmosphĂ€risches Methan (CH4). Dieses ist nach Kohlendioxid das zweitwichtigste Treibhausgas. Insbesondere geflutete Reisfelder sind mit einem Beitrag von circa 25% zur jĂ€hrlichen Methanemission in die ErdatmosphĂ€re eine kritische anthropogene Quelle fĂŒr Methan. Die methanogene Zersetzung organischen Materials zu Methan und Kohlendioxid in anoxischen Umwelten trĂ€gt erheblich zum globalen Stoffumsatz und EnergiefluĂ bei. Die anaerobe Nahrungskette beinhaltet die AktivitĂ€t von Mitgliedern der Bacteria und Archaea, welche in unterschiedlichen funktionellen Gilden strukturiert sind. Jedoch fehlen fĂŒr philippinischen Reisfeldboden bisher detaillierte Untersuchungen zur AktivitĂ€t und Dynamik der an der anaeroben Nahrungskette beteiligten Mikroorganismen. Ferner ist zu erwĂ€hnen, dass die mikrobiellen Umsetzungen innerhalb der anaeroben Nahrungskette temperaturabhĂ€ngig sind. Der im Rahmen des Klimawandels prognostizierte Anstieg der Temperatur an der ErdoberflĂ€che könnte daher einen erheblichen Effekt allgemein auf mikrobielle AktivitĂ€ten haben, aber insbesondere auch auf die methanogenen Prozesse im gefluteten Reisfeldboden. Allerdings liegen bisher nur begrenzt Kenntnisse vor, wie sich eine Temperaturerhöhung im Reisfeldboden auf die Dynamiken der an der anaeroben Nahrungskette beteiligten Mikroorganismen auswirken wĂŒrde.
In dieser Studie wurden AufschlÀmmungen anoxischen Reisfeldbodens, denen Reisstroh zugesetzt wurde, als Modellsystem genutzt. Verschiedene methodische AnsÀtze wurden kombiniert, um Struktur, Funktion und Dynamik der methanogenen Lebensgemeinschaft im philippinischen Reisfeldboden wÀhrend einer Langzeitinkubation (120 Tage) vergleichend under mesophilen (30°C) und moderat thermophilen (45°C) Bedingungen aufzuklÀren. Dazu gehörten die Messung freigesetzter Fermentationsprodukte (Acetat, Propionat, Butyrat) und der Methanbildung, quantitative PCR von Markergenen und deren Transkripte (16S rRNA, mcrA) sowie die Analyse des Metatranskriptoms und Metagenoms. Insbesondere sollten die folgenden Fragen beantwortet werden: (i) Welche Mikroorganismen tragen auf den verschiedenen trophischen Ebenen der anaeroben Nahrungskette zur Zersetzung organischen Materials bei? (ii) Welche methanogenen Stoffwechselwege dominieren und von welchen Gruppen an Methanogenen werden diese wÀhrend der 120 Tage langen Inkubation exprimiert? (iii) Welchen Effekt hat eine Temperaturerhöhung von 30°C auf 45°C auf die Struktur, Funktion und Dynamik der methanogenen Lebensgemeinschaft?
Sowohl die quantitatien Analysen via qPCR und RT-qPCR als auch Metatranskriptomics
iv
ergaben, dass die Langzeitinkubation unter mesophilen (30°C) Bedingungen in zwei methanogene AktivitĂ€tsphasen zu unterteilen ist. Diese sind durch eine frĂŒhe (7 â 21 Tage) und spĂ€te (28 - 60 Tage) Phase definiert, wobei die beiden AktivitĂ€tsperioden durch eine signifikante Abnahme der quantifizierbaren Kopienzahl an Markergenen (qPCR) und deren Transkripte (RT-qPCR) zeitlich voneinander getrennt sind. Mitglieder der Geobacteraceae waren wĂ€hrend der gesamten Inkubation die vorherrschende bakterielle Population. Die frĂŒhe und spĂ€te AktivitĂ€tsphasen korrespondierten in den Metatranskriptom-Analysen zu den höchsten mRNA-Abundanzen der Methanosarcinaceae, unterschieden sich aber in den von Methanosarcina spp. exprimierten methanogenen Stoffwechselwegen. WĂ€hrend in der frĂŒhen AktivitĂ€tsphase drei phylogenetisch unterscheidbare Methanosarcina-Populationen zur acetoklastischen Methanogenese beitrugen, war in der spĂ€ten AktivitĂ€tsphase nur eine einzige phylogenetisch definierte Methanosarcina-Population aktiv. Diese exprimierte neben acetoklastischer vor allem auch methylotrophe Methanogenese. Eine basierend auf der metatranskriptomischen mRNA durchgefĂŒhrte Transkript-Analyse von metagenom-assemblierten Genomen (MAGs) zeigte, dass die besonders in der spĂ€ten AktivitĂ€tsphase vorherrschende und aktive Methanosarcina-Population eng mit dem Stamm MSH10X1 verwandt ist. Die Expression der hydrogenotrophen Methanogenese konnte Mitgliedern der Familie Methanocellaceae zugeordnet werden, wĂ€hrend acetoklastische AktivitĂ€t von Mitgliedern der Methanotrichaceae erst ab dem 60. Tag der Langzeitinkubation nachweisbar war.
Die Inkubation unter moderat thermophilen (45°C) Bedingungen hatte erhebliche Effekte auf die Struktur, Funktion und Dynamik der in die anaerobe Nahrungskette involvierte methanogene Lebensgemeinschaft. Insbesondere gilt dies im Vergleich zu den mesophilen (30°C) Bedingungen fĂŒr die an der Polymer-Hydrolyse, der syntrophen Oxidation von Intermediaten (Propionat, Acetat) und der Expression methanogener Stoffwechselwege beteiligten mikrobiellen Populationen. Mitglieder der Familie Heliobacteriaceae reprĂ€sentierten wĂ€hrend der gesamten Inkubation die vorherrschende bakterielle Population. Geobacteraceae waren hingegen nicht mehr nachweisbar. Im Vergleich zu den mesophilen Bedingungen zeigten Gene, welche fĂŒr kohlenhydrataktive Enzyme (CAZymes) kodieren, eine ĂŒber die Inkubationszeit wesentlich differenziertere transkriptionelle AktivitĂ€t. Gene involviert in die Hydrolye von Xylan und Chitin wurden um den 14. Tag stark exprimiert, wĂ€hrend fĂŒr solche involviert in die Hydrolyse von Cellulose und Hemicellulose am 35. und 60. Tag die höchsten Transkriptmengen nachweisbar waren. Acetoklastische und methylotrophe Methanogenese wurde durch Mitglieder der Methanosarcinaceae experimiert, wĂ€hrend
v
Mitglieder der Methanocellaceae fĂŒr die hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese verantwortlich waren. Die weitere Analyse wies fĂŒnf phylogenetisch differenzierbare Methanosarcina Populationen nach. Eine basierend auf der metatranskriptomischen mRNA durchgefĂŒhrte Transkript-Analyse von metagenom-assemblierten Genomen (MAGs) zeigte, dass in der frĂŒhen AktivitĂ€tsphase jedoch nur zwei Methanosarcina-Populationen primĂ€r fĂŒr die Expression der acetoklastischen und methylotrophen Methanogenese verantwortlich waren. Diese wiesen eine enge Verwandtschaft zu Methanosarcina flavescens - Methanosarcina thermophila TM beziehungsweise zu Methanosarcina barkeri 3 auf. Die spĂ€te AktivitĂ€tsphase war ausschlieĂlich durch methylotrophe Methanogenese und der mit Methanosarcina barkeri 3 eng assoziierten Population charakterisiert. Die Expression der hydrogenotrophen Methanogenese wurde, wie unter mesophilen Bedingungen, Mitgliedern der Methanocellaceae zugeordnet, wĂ€hrend eine AktivitĂ€t von Mitgliedern der Methanotrichaceae unter moderat thermophilen Bedingungen nicht nachweisbar war.
AbschlieĂend sei hervorgehoben, dass der Nachweis methylotropher Methanogenese im gefluteten Reisfeldboden, zusĂ€tzlich zur acetoklastischen und hydrogenotrophen Methanogenese, sowohl unter mesophilen (30°C) als auch moderat thermophilen (45°C) Bedingungen ein unerwartetes Ergebnis ist. Die Temperaturerhöhung von 30°C auf 45°C hatte erheblichen Effekte auf die anaerobe Nahrungskette und der daran beteiligten methanogenen Lebensgemeinschaft. Ganz offensichtlich ist die Antwort dieser Lebensgemeinschaft auf sich verĂ€ndernde Umweltbedingungen komplexer als zuvor angenommen
Northeastern Illinois University, Academic Catalog 2023-2024
https://neiudc.neiu.edu/catalogs/1064/thumbnail.jp
Improving satellite-based monitoring of the Arctic polar regions: identification of research and capacity gaps
We present a comprehensive review of the current status of remotely sensed and in situ sea ice,
ocean, and land parameters acquired over the Arctic and Antarctic and identify current data gaps
through comparison with the portfolio of products provided by Copernicus services. While we
include several land parameters, the focus of our review is on the marine sector. The analysis is
facilitated by the outputs of the KEPLER H2020 project. This project developed a road map for
Copernicus to deliver an improved European capacity for monitoring and forecasting of the Polar
Regions, including recommendations and lessons learnt, and the role citizen science can play in
supporting Copernicusâ capabilities and giving users ownership in the system. In addition to
summarising this information we also provide an assessment of future satellite missions (in particular
the Copernicus Sentinel Expansion Missions), in terms of the potential enhancements they can
provide for environmental monitoring and integration/assimilation into modelling/forecast products.
We identify possible synergies between parameters obtained from different satellite missions to
increase the information content and the robustness of specific data products considering the
end-users requirements, in particular maritime safety. We analyse the potential of new variables and
new techniques relevant for assimilation into simulations and forecasts of environmental conditions
and changes in the Polar Regions at various spatial and temporal scales. This work concludes with
several specific recommendations to the EU for improving the satellite-based monitoring of the Polar
Regions
LINKING THE ENZYMATIC REPERTOIRE OF HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA TO COMMUNITY COMPOSITION, CARBOHYDRATE INVENTORIES, AND PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC
The balance of carbon between the atmosphere and oceanâwhich ultimately impacts the Earthâs climateâis dependent upon the production of organic matter by algae and its fate after being processed by heterotrophic microorganisms. In fact, heterotrophic bacteriaâwhich can be particle-associated or free-livingâare responsible for processing an estimated half of the organic matter that phytoplankton synthesize in the surface ocean. A large proportion of this organic matter is in the form of polysaccharides, or structurally complex, high molecular weight sugars. To transform this complex organic matter, microbes must produce enzymes of the correct structural specificity to transform it to smaller pieces that can be brought into the cell. The extent and rates to which bacteria can hydrolyze organic matter determines how much carbon is transformed for a given microbial community. Because microbial community composition differs with location and depth in the ocean, quantifying the enzymatic activities and complexity of organic matter at different stations and depths is essential to measuring patterns in microbial functional capabilities. Links between microbial community composition, their enzymatic function, and the structural complexity of the organic matter that they process are only beginning to be established. This dissertation focuses on characterizing the hydrolysis rates and substrate specificities of extracellular enzymes from three cruises in the western North Atlantic, leading to insights into the way the structural complexity of organic matter may be linked to differences in measured activities. We found that 1) bacteria on particles have an enhanced capability to degrade organic matter; 2) regional patterns of polysaccharide hydrolase activities could be driven by the physical oceanography of the region; and 3) the structural complexity of polysaccharides differed considerably by location, even though their monosaccharide building blocks were similar. The data and findings presented here highlight the extent to which microbial community composition and function, the structural complexity of organic matter, and the physical oceanography of the western North Atlantic are interwoven and contribute to the overall transformation of carbon in the ocean.Doctor of Philosoph
The compatible solutes ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine: Catabolism and regulatory mechanisms
To cope with osmotic stress many microorganisms make use of short, osmotically active, organic compounds, the so-called compatible solutes. Examples for especially effective members of this type of molecules are the tetrahydropyrimidines ectoine and 5-hydroxyectoine. Both molecules are produced by a large number of microorganisms, not only to fend-off osmotic stress, but also for example low and high temperature challenges. The biosynthetic pathway used by these organisms to synthesize ectoines has already been studied intensively and the enzymes used therein are characterized quite well, both biochemically as well as structurally. However, synthesis of ectoines is only half the story. Inevitably, ectoines are frequently released from the producer cells in different environmental settings. Especially in highly competitive habitats like the upper ocean layers some bacteria specialized on a niche like this. The model organism used in this work is such a species. It is the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 which belongs to the Roseobacter-clade. Roseobacter species are heterotrophic Proteobacteria which can live in symbiosis with phytoplankton as well as turning against them in a bacterial warfare fashion to scavenge valuable nutrients. Ectoines can be imported by R. pomeroyi DSS-3 in a high-affinity fashion and be used as energy as well as carbon- and nitrogen-sources. To achieve this, both ectoines rings are degraded by the hydrolase EutD and deacetylated by the deacetylase EutE. The first hydrolysis products α-ADABA (from ectoine) and hydroxy-α-ADABA (from hydroxyectoine) are deacetylated to DABA and hydroxy-DABA which are in additional biochemical reactions transformed to aspartate to fuel the cellâs central metabolism. The role and functioning of the EutDE enzymes which work in a concerted fashion are a central aspect of this work. Both enzymes could be biochemically and structurally characterized, and the architecture of the metabolic pathway could be illuminated. α-ADABA and hydroxy-α-ADABA are not only central to ectoine catabolism, but also to the regulatory mechanisms associated with it. Both molecules serve as inducers of the central regulatory protein of this pathway, the MocR-/GabR-type regulator protein EnuR. In the framework of this dissertation molecular details could be clarified which enable the EnuR repressor molecule to sense both molecules with high affinity to subsequently derepress the genes for the import and catabolism of ectoines
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