A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanismsComment: 15 page

QoS constrained cellular ad hoc augmented networks

In this dissertation, based on different design criteria, three novel quality of service (QoS) constrained cellular ad hoc augmented network (CAHAN) architectures are proposed for next generation wireless networks. The CAHAN architectures have a hybrid architecture, in which each MT of CDMA cellular networks has ad hoc communication capability. The CAHAN architectures are an evolutionary approach to conventional cellular networks. The proposed architectures have good system scalability and high system reliability. The first proposed architecture is the QoS constrained minimum-power cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture (QCMP CAHAN). The QCMP CAHAN can find the optimal minimum-power routes under the QoS constraints (bandwidth, packet-delay, or packet-error-rate constraint). The total energy consumed by the MTs is lower in the case of QCMP CAHAN than in the case of pure cellular networks. As the ad hoc communication range of each MT increases, the total transmitted power in QCMP CAHAN decreases. However, due to the increased number of hops involved in information delivery between the source and the destination, the end-to-end delay increases. The maximum end-to-end delay will be limited to a specified tolerable value for different services. An MT in QCMP CAHAN will not relay any messages when its ad hoc communication range is zero, and if this is the case for all MTs, then QCMP CAHAN reduces to the traditional cellular network. A QoS constrained network lifetime extension cellular ad hoc augmented network architecture (QCLE CAHAN) is proposed to achieve the maximum network lifetime under the QoS constraints. The network lifetime is higher in the case of QCLE CAHAN than in the case of pure cellular networks or QCMP CAHAN. In QCLE CAHAN, a novel QoS-constrained network lifetime extension routing algorithm will dynamically select suitable ad-hoc-switch-to-cellular points (ASCPs) according to the MT remaining battery energy such that the selection will balance all the MT battery energy and maximizes the network lifetime. As the number of ASCPs in an ad hoc subnet decreases, the network lifetime will be extended. Maximum network lifetime can be increased until the end-to-end QoS in QCLE CAHAN reaches its maximum tolerable value. Geocasting is the mechanism to multicast messages to the MTs whose locations lie within a given geographic area (target area). Geolocation-aware CAHAN (GA CAHAN) architecture is proposed to improve total transmitted power expended for geocast services in cellular networks. By using GA CAHAN for geocasting, saving in total transmitted energy can be achieved as compared to the case of pure cellular networks. When the size of geocast target area is large, GA CAHAN can save larger transmitted energy

Energy-Efficient Routing for Connection-Oriented Traffic in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks

We address the problem of routing connection-oriented traffic in wireless ad-hoc networks with energy efficiency. We outlinethe trade-offs that arise by the flexibility of wireless nodes totransmit at different power levels and define a framework forformulating the problem of session routing from the perspective ofenergy expenditure. A set of heuristics are developed for determiningend-to-end unicast paths with sufficient bandwidth and transceiverresources, in which nodes use local information in order to selecttheir transmission power and bandwidth allocation. We propose a setofmetrics that associate each link transmission with a cost andconsiderboth the cases of plentiful and limited bandwidth resources, thelatter jointly with a set of channel allocation algorithms.Performance is captured by call blocking probability and averageconsumed energy. A detailed simulation model has been developed andused to evaluate the algorithms for a variety of networks

Routing and Scheduling Algorithms in Resource-Limited Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

The recent advances in the area of wireless networking present novel opportunities for network operators to expand their services to infrastructure-less wireless systems.Such networks, often referred to as ad-hoc or multi-hop or peer-to-peer networks, require architectures which do not necessarily follow the cellular paradigm. They consist of entirely wireless nodes, fixed and/or mobile, that require multiple hops (and hence relaying by intermediate nodes) to transmit their messages to the desired destinations. The distinguishing features of such all-wireless network architectures give rise to new trade-offs between traditional concerns in wireless communications (such as spectral efficiency, and energy conservation) and the notions of routing, scheduling and resource allocation. The purpose of this work is to identify and study some of these novel issues, propose solutions in the context of network control and evaluate the usual network performance measures as functions of the new trade-offs.To these ends, we address first the problem of routing connection-oriented traffic with energy efficiency in all-wireless multi-hop networks. We take advantage of the flexibility of wireless nodes to transmit at different power levels and define a framework for formulating the problem of session routing from the perspective of energy expenditure. A set of heuristics are developed for determining end-to-end unicast paths with sufficient bandwidth and transceiver resources, in which nodes use local information in order to select their transmission power and bandwidth allocation. We propose a set of metrics that associate each link transmission with a cost and consider both the cases of plentiful and limited bandwidth resources, the latter jointly with a set of channel allocation algorithms. Performance is measured by call blocking probability and average consumed energy and a detailed simulation model that incorporates all the components of our algorithms has been developed and used for performance evaluation of a variety of networks.In the sequel, we propose a "blueprint" for approaching the problem of link bandwidth management in conjunction with routing, for ad-hoc wireless networks carrying packet-switched traffic. We discuss the dependencies between routing, access control and scheduling functions and propose an adaptive mechanism for solving the capacity allocation (at both the node-level and the flow-level) and the route assignment problems, that manages delays due to congestion at nodes and packet loss due to error prone wireless links, to provide improved end-to-end delay/throughput. The capacity allocations to the nodes and flows and the route assignments are iterated periodically and the adaptability of the proposed approach allows the network to respond to random channel error bursts and congestion arising from bursty and new flows

Bandwidth-aware and energy-efficient stream multicasting protocols for wireless multimedia sensor networks

Ankara : The Department of Computer Engineering and the Institute of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2010.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2010.Includes bibliographical references leaves 64-66.In recent years, the interest in wireless sensor networks has grown and resulted in the integration of low-power wireless technologies with cameras and microphones enabling video and audio transport through a sensor network besides transporting low-rate environmental measurement-data. These sensor networks are called wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSN) and are still constrained in terms of battery, memory and achievable data rate. Hence, delivering multimedia content in such an environment has become a new research challenge. Depending on the application, content may need to be delivered to a single destination (unicast) or multiple destinations (multicast). In this work, we consider the problem of e ciently and e ectively delivering a multimedia stream to multiple destinations, i.e. the multimedia multicasting problem, in wireless sensor networks. Existing multicasting solutions for wireless sensor networks provide energy e ciency for low-bandwidth and delay-tolerant data. The aim of this work is to provide a framework that will enable multicasting of relatively highrate and long-durational multimedia streams while trying to meet the desired quality-of-service requirements. To provide the desired bandwidth to a multicast stream, our framework tries to discover, select and use multicasting paths that go through uncongested nodes and in this way have enough bandwidth, while also considering energy e ciency in the sensor network. As part of our framework, we propose a multicasting scheme, with both a centralized and distributed version, that can form energy-e cient multicast trees with enough bandwidth. We evaluated the performance of our proposed scheme via simulations and observed that our scheme can e ectively construct such multicast trees.Yargıçoğlu, BurcuM.S

Routing Session Traffic in Fixed All-Wireless Networks under Energy and Bandwidth Limitations

In this paper we study the effects of limited bandwidthresources in the development of energy-efficient routing algorithmsfor connection-oriented traffic in fixed wireless ad-hoc networks. Afrequency division multiple access scheme is considered, in whichnodes must schedule their transmissions by selecting frequencychannels from a limited set in an interference-free fashion. In ourearlier work, we had developed a set of algorithms for determiningend-to-end unicast paths based on link metrics. We argue that inorderto address the effects of limited frequency resources,such algorithms must be coupled with channel allocation mechanismsfor providing conflict free frequency assignments over selectedroutingpaths. To these ends, we propose a set of link metricsfor selecting candidate routing paths and a set of heuristics forfrequency allocation. We evaluate their performance using ourdetailedsimulation model

Development and Implementation of a Hybrid Wireless Sensor Network of Low Power and Long Range for Urban Environments

The urban population, worldwide, is growing exponentially and with it the demand for information on pollution levels, vehicle traffic, or available parking, giving rise to citizens connected to their environment. This article presents an experimental long range (LoRa) and low power consumption network, with a combination of static and mobile wireless sensors (hybrid architecture) to tune and validate concentrator placement, to obtain a large coverage in an urban environment. A mobile node has been used, carrying a gateway and various sensors. The Activation By Personalization (ABP) mode has been used, justified for urban applications requiring multicasting. This allows to compare the coverage of each static gateway, being able to make practical decisions about its location. With this methodology, it has been possible to provide service to the city of Malaga, through a single concentrator node. The information acquired is synchronized in an external database, to monitor the data in real time, being able to geolocate the dataframes through web mapping services. This work presents the development and implementation of a hybrid wireless sensor network of long range and low power, configured and tuned to achieve efficient performance in a mid-size city, and tested in experiments in a real urban environment.Spanish project RTI2018-093421-B-I0