Energy efficient geographic routing for wireless sensor networks.

A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of low-power nodes equipped with wireless radio. For two nodes not in mutual transmission range, message exchanges need to be relayed through a series of intermediate nodes, which is a process known as multi-hop routing. The design of efficient routing protocols for dynamic network topologies is a crucial for scalable sensor networks. Geographic routing is a recently developed technique that uses locally available position information of nodes to make packet forwarding decisions. This dissertation develops a framework for energy efficient geographic routing. This framework includes a path pruning strategy by exploiting the channel listening capability, an anchor-based routing protocol using anchors to act as relay nodes between source and destination, a geographic multicast algorithm clustering destinations that can share the same next hop, and a lifetime-aware routing algorithm to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks by considering four important factors: PRR (Packet Reception Rate), forwarding history, progress and remaining energy. This dissertation discusses the system design, theoretic analysis, simulation and testbed implementation involved in the aforementioned framework. It is shown that the proposed design significantly improves the routing efficiency in sensor networks over existing geographic routing protocols. The routing methods developed in this dissertation are also applicable to other location-based wireless networks

An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks using A-star Algorithm

AbstractSensors are regarded as significant components of electronic devices. In most applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), important and critical information must be delivered to the sink in a multi-hop and energy-efficient manner. Inasmuch as the energy of sensor nodes is limited, prolonging network lifetime in WSNs is considered to be a critical issue. In order to extend the network lifetime, researchers should consider energy consumption in routing protocols of WSNs. In this paper, a new energy-efficient routing protocol (EERP) has been proposed for WSNs using A-star algorithm. The proposed routing scheme improves the network lifetime by forwarding data packets via the optimal shortest path. The optimal path can be discovered with regard to the maximum residual energy of the next hop sensor node, high link quality, buffer occupancy and minimum hop counts. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme improves network lifetime in comparison with A-star and fuzzy logic(A&F) protocol

Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision

[EN] Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are becoming one of the demanding platforms, where sensor nodes are sensing and monitoring the physical or environmental conditions and transmit the data to the base station via multihop routing. Agriculture sector also adopted these networks to promote innovations for environmental friendly farming methods, lower the management cost, and achieve scientific cultivation. Due to limited capabilities, the sensor nodes have suffered with energy issues and complex routing processes and lead to data transmission failure and delay in the sensor-based agriculture fields. Due to these limitations, the sensor nodes near the base station are always relaying on it and cause extra burden on base station or going into useless state. To address these issues, this study proposes a Gateway Clustering Energy-Efficient Centroid- (GCEEC-) based routing protocol where cluster head is selected from the centroid position and gateway nodes are selected from each cluster. Gateway node reduces the data load from cluster head nodes and forwards the data towards the base station. Simulation has performed to evaluate the proposed protocol with state-of-the-art protocols. The experimental results indicated the better performance of proposed protocol and provide more feasible WSN-based monitoring for temperature, humidity, and illumination in agriculture sector.This work has also been partially supported by the European Union through the ERANETMED (Euromediterranean Cooperation through ERANET joint activities and beyond) project ERANETMED3-227 SMARTWATIR.Qureshi, KN.; Bashir, MU.; Lloret, J.; León Fernández, A. (2020). Optimized Cluster-Based Dynamic Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture Precision. Journal of Sensors. 2020:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9040395S1192020Sneha, K., Kamath, R., Balachandra, M., & Prabhu, S. (2019). New Gossiping Protocol for Routing Data in Sensor Networks for Precision Agriculture. 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Multi-hop Route Discovery Using Opportunistic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks multi-hop routing is often used because of the limited transmission range of sensor nodes. Opportunistic Routing is a multi-hop routing for wireless sensor networks. In this routing, the neighbors of sender node overhear the transmission and f``orm multiple hops from source to the destination for transfer of information. The neighbor nodes set participating in the routing are included in the forwarder list in the order of priority. The node with highest priority is allowed to forward the packet it hears. A new protocol by Energy Efficient Selective Opportunistic Routing (EESOR), is implemented in this paper that reduces the size of forwarder list by applying a condition that the forwarding node is nearer to the destination. The path followed by acknowledgment packet follows opportunistic routing, assuring reliability of transmission and energy balancing. NS2 is the simulator used to implement the algorithm and results of simulation show that proposed EESOR protocol performs better than existing Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing (EEOR) protocol with respect to parameters End-to-End Delay, Throughput, Routing Overhead and Network Lifetime

MEGOR: Multi-constrained Energy efficient Geographic Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Sensor Network

Providing better energy efficient network is the important critical issues in Wireless Sensor Networks. We presented Multi-constrained Energy efficient Geographic Opportunistic Routing algorithm that enhance the network lifetime based on efficient Geographic Opportunistic Routing. Geographic Opportunistic Routing algorithm uses single path multi hop routing technique in which packets are effectively routed from source to the sink node in a given geographical region. Proposed algorithm is devised with unique parameters viz., Single hop Packet Progress, Packet Reception Ratio, Residual Energy and Energy Density to select intermediate next nodes to forward the packet to sink node. The MEGOR exhibits better results in terms of delay, reliability, energy efficiency and network lifetime when compared with earlier state_of_art works

Energy Efficient Multipath Ant Colony Based Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper describes the novel wireless routing protocol made for mobile ad hoc networks or wireless sensor networks using the bio-inspired technique. Bio-inspired algorithms include the routing capabilities taken from the social behavior of ant colonies, bird flocking, honey bee dancing, etc and promises to be capable of catering to the challenges posed by wireless sensors. Some of the challenges of wireless sensor networks are limited bandwidth, limited battery life, low memory, etc. An energy-efficient multipath routing algorithm based on the foraging nature of ants is proposed including many meta-heuristic impact factors to provide good robust paths from source to destination to overcome the challenges faced by resource-constrained sensors. Analysis of individual impact factor is represented which justifies their importance in routing performance. The multi-path routing feature is claimed by showing energy analysis as well as statistical analysis in-depth to the readers. The proposed routing algorithm is analyzed by considering various performance metrics such as throughput, delay, packet loss, network lifetime, etc. Finally, the comparison is done against AODV routing protocol by considering performance metrics where the proposed routing algorithm shows a 49% improvement in network lifetime

Adaptive Reliable Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

International audienceMany Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) applications success is contingent upon the reliable delivery of high-priority events from many scattered sensors to one or more sink nodes. In particular, WSN has to be self-adaptive and resilient to errors by providing efficient mechanisms for information distribution especially in the multi-hop scenario. To meet the stringent requirement of reliably transmitting data, we propose a lightweight and energy-efficient joint mechanism for packet loss recovery and route quality awareness in WSNs. In this protocol, we use the overhearing feature characterizing the wireless channels as an implicit acknowledgment (ACK) mechanism. In addition, the protocol allows for an adaptive selection of the routing path, based on a collective cooperation within neighborhood