Ordered Cross Layer Approach for Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks: QoS by Clogging Control

Here in this paper a MAC layer level clogging detection system has been projected. The planned model aims to explores a system to compute the degree of clogging at victim node with maximal accuracy. This clogging detection apparatus is integrated with a Two-Step Cross Layer Clogging Control Routing Topology. The proposed model involves controlling of clogging in two steps with effective energy capable blocking detection and optimal cost of routing. Packet drop in routing is mostly due to link crash and clogging. Most of the existing clogging control solutions do not have the ability to distinguish between packet loss due to link collapse and packet loss due to clogging. As a result these solutions aim towards action against packet drop due to link malfunction which is an unnecessary effort and ends with of energy resources. The other limit in most of the available way out is the utilization of energy and resources to detect clogging state, degree of clogging and alert the source node about blocking in routing path. This paper explores a cross layered model of clogging recognition an control mechanism that include energy efficient clogging detection, Multicast Group Level Clogging Evaluation and Handling Algorithm [MGLCEH] and Multicast Group Level Load Balancing Algorithm [MGLLBA], which is a hierarchical cross layered base clogging recognition and avoidance model in short can refer as Qos Optimization by cross layered clogging handling (MGLCEH). This paper is supported by the investigational and simulation results show that better store utilization, energy efficiency in clogging detection and clogging control is possible by the proposed topology

A Study of Energy Efficient MANET Routing Protocols

In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) the contributing nodes have numerous jobs such as router, receiver and sender. Therefore here is a lot of energy consumed by the nodes for the ordinary working of the network since each node has several dissimilar roles. Also in MANET the nodes remain moving continually and this in twist consumes a lot of energy. Since battery capability of these nodes is limited it fails to fulfill the high requirement of energy. The shortage of energy makes the energy maintenance in MANET a significant concern. There is some research carried out on the energy consumption of MANET these days. Some of this research recommends load balancing, sleep mode, transmission power control, etc. We have surveyed so many types of traditional protocols of MANET and their variation which includes energy efficiency. Keywords: MANET; Multipath Routing; Routing Protocols; Energy Efficiency; Network Life Time

Maximization of Network Lifetime Using LAR Protocol in Wireless Ad Hoc Network

ABSTRACT: Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a group of mobile nodes that forms a network. Power constraint is a one of the major design constraints in mobile ad-hoc network. The mobile nodes are battery driven, hence it is important to extend the energy of the each node to improve the operational lifetime. The proposed energy aware routing algorithms for MANETs, called LAR (Location Aided Routing) is based on a fully distributed and a threshold based certified lake address allocation model. Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) Protocol was developed on the concept of the Location Aided Routing (LAR). EELAR makes considerable reduction in the energy consumption of the node batteries by limiting the area of discovering a new route to a smaller zone. Thus, the control packet overhead is reduced. In EELAR, a reference wireless base station is used and the network's circular area centered at the base station is divided into six equal sub-areas. While LAR is deployed, the increasing in communication transparency and latency is fairly reasonable then it's also used to dynamic based allocation protocol. The availability and the security are so guaranteed for the MANET auto configuration service while unmoving ensuring efficiently both network and security parameters for a newly arrived node

Cross-layer MAC/routing protocol for reliable communication in Internet of Health Things

Internet of Health Things (IoHT) involves intelligent, low-powered, and miniaturized sensors nodes that measure physiological signals and report them to sink nodes over wireless links. IoHTs have a myriad of applications in e-health and personal health monitoring. Because of the data’s sensitivity measured by the nodes and power-constraints of the sensor nodes, reliability and energy-efficiency play a critical role in communication in IoHT. Reliability is degraded by the increase in packets’ loss due to inefficient MAC, routing protocols, environmental interference, and body shadowing. Simultaneously, inefficient node selection for routing may cause the depletion of critical nodes’ energy resources. Recent advancements in cross-layer protocol optimizations have proven their efficiency for packet-based Internet. In this article, we propose a MAC/Routing-based Cross-layer protocol for reliable communication while preserving the sensor nodes’ energy resource in IoHT. The proposed mechanism employs a timer-based strategy for relay node selection. The timer-based approach incorporates the metrics for residual energy and received signal strength indicator to preserve the vital underlying resources of critical sensors in IoHT. The proposed approach is also extended for multiple sensor networks, where sensor in vicinity are coordinating and cooperating for data forwarding. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated for metrics like Packet Loss Probability, End-To-End delay, and energy used per data packet. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed technique improves the reliability and energy-efficiency compared to the Simple Opportunistic Routing protocol

Techniques to enhance the MANET lifetime

Now-a-days more and more devices are getting portable. This have encouraged the development of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In addition to device portability, MANET does not require, a pre-established network infrastructure. As a result they can be easily deployed in situations like emergency rescue and disaster management.However, there are certain issues that are inherent to MANET such as hidden and exposed terminal problem, limited bandwidth, limited processing and battery power.These issues need to be addressed for successful deployment of MANET.Nodes in MANET are run by battery power. Sometimes, it is difficult to replace and/or re-charge the battery. Therefore, to increase the longevity of the network, the available battery power must be judiciously used. In this thesis we have proposed two techniques to enhance the lifetime of MANET. They are: (i) Distance Based Topology Control with Sleep Scheduling (DBSS), and (ii) Alternate Path based Power Management using Clustering (APMC).DBSS is based on topology control method. In DBSS the network topology is modified by adjusting the node’s transmission power. Nodes that is geographically closer to the destination node is selected as the next-hop node for routing the traffic. Nodes that are not involved in on-going transmission are put to sleep state, to conserve energy. APMC is based on transmission power management method. In APMC node disjoint alternate paths are computed. The traffic is routed through k-alternate paths,so that no nodes on a path depletes its energy at a faster rate than other nodes. A clustering mechanism is employed to control the routing activity. The network is logically divided into number of clusters. A node within each cluster is selected as cluster-head. In the absence of traffic cluster-head put the nodes on that path to sleep state to conserve energy. We have compared the proposed schemes, with existing ones through simulation. It is observed that, the proposed scheme can enhance the longevity of the network. Simulation is performed using Qualnet simulator

Protocolo AODV com eficiência energética para plataforma android

Monografia (graduação)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, 2013.Os smartphones vêm se tornando cada dia mais populares e acessíveis. Os mais variados sistemas operacionais, propiciam aos usuários diversas aplicações, dentre elas várias que utilizam o acesso a redes para a comunicação como jogos, correio eletrônico e redes sociais. Com o advento da plataforma Android, sistema operacional para dispositivos móveis disponível em grande parte dos aparelhos celulares fabricados atualmente, surgem diversos trabalhos que focam no desenvolvimento de melhorias para estes dispositivos inclusive também no âmbito das redes. As redes ad hoc podem facilitar esta comunicação entre dispositivos em alguns cenários dispensando o uso de pontos de acesso e possibilitando a conexão direta entre os aparelhos usando técnicas de roteamento específicas para estas redes. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta uma implementação do protocolo de roteamento AODV (do inglês Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) para formação de redes ad hoc de comunicações sem fio em dispositivos habilitados com a tecnologia Android, tendo como foco a eficiência energética da rede. Para tanto, foram sugeridas mudanças no protocolo AODV a fim de torná-lo um protocolo mais eficiente em termos energéticos. Para isso, foram introduzidas informações da bateria remanescente de cada nó da rede dentro dos cabeçalhos dos pacotes de controle do AODV. Esta informação se propaga através da rede e cada nó passa a saber a informação de bateria de cada nó da rede. Dessa forma, propomos também introduzir custos nas rotas baseado nessas informações energéticas. Esta medida evita que rotas sejam formadas por dispositivos ou rotas que estão próximas de ficarem sem bateria. Outro recurso introduzido é a criação de limiares que impedem a criação de rotas por dispositivos que estão com pouca bateria remanescente. Isso permite que o restante da bateria daquele dispositivo seja economizada. Utilizamos uma biblioteca desenvolvida para Android que executa o roteamento em redes ad hoc com o uso do AODV. Fizemos ainda melhorias nessa biblioteca que agora é capaz de iniciar e configurar a rede ad hoc por si mesma. Anteriormente este procedimento deveria ser feito manualmente antes da inicialização do protocolo de roteamento. Uma série de experimentos foi realizada com o objetivo de verificar o correto funcionamento do protocolo e seu desempenho.Smartphones are becoming increasingly more popular and less costly to the end user each day. Designed for working under various operating systems, a number of apps are available today, with many of them relying on communication networks for its operation, such as on-line games, e-mail, and social networks. With the advent of the Android platform---an operating system for mobile devices that is available in most cell phones today---a number of works have been done to improve the performance of these devices and their inter-netwoking as well. Ad hoc networks may facilitate communication among devices by avoiding the use of access points and by allowing direct communication among nodes through routing techniques that are specific to this kind of network. Based on that, this work presents an energy-efficient implementation of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol for Android smartphones. To accomplish that, information regarding remaining battery energy level at each node is embedded in the header of every AODV control message. As a result, information regarding each node's energy level is broadcast through the network, and each reachable node may receive energy information regarding every other node in the network. In addition, we propose the assignment of route costs based on energy information. This way, the routing protocol may avoid the selection of routes through nodes that are close to energy starvation. Another feature we introduce is the use of an energy threshold by which a node decides to not execute the routing functionality anymore and to inform, indirectly, the rest of the network about its decision. This allows fast path recovery and selection. Finally, an improvement to the basic AODV software is presented that allows self-initialization and self-configuration, as opposed to manual network setup. A set of experiments is performed and presented in order to evaluate correct protocol operation and performance

Energy-aware on-demand routing for mobile ad hoc networks

On demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks discover and maintain routes on a reactive, “as-needed ” basis. These protocols are attractive for their low routing overheads. We develop a technique to make these protocols energy-aware in order to increase the operational lifetime of an ad hoc network where nodes are operating on battery power alone and batteries cannot be recharged. Our techniques uses a new routing cost metric which is a function of the remaining battery level in each node on a route and the number of neighbors of this node. The idea of the cost metric is to be able to route around the nodes that are running low in battery for which alternate routes are available. In addition, rerouting is done proactively when any node en route starts running low on battery while the route is being actively used. Further, we save energy by switching off the radio interfaces dynamically during the periods when the nodes are idle. Simulation results using AODV protcol show that combination of these techniques results in a significant improvement of the energy budget of the network as a whole resulting in increased operational life time. Generally speaking, the improvement is higher for higher traffic loads and modest mobilities.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Guiding readers through the basics of these rapidly emerging networks to more advanced concepts and future expectations, Mobile Ad hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends identifies and examines the most pressing research issues in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). Containing the contributions of leading researchers, industry professionals, and academics, this forward-looking reference provides an authoritative perspective of the state of the art in MANETs. The book includes surveys of recent publications that investigate key areas of interest such as limited resources and the mobility of mobile nodes. It considers routing, multicast, energy, security, channel assignment, and ensuring quality of service. Also suitable as a text for graduate students, the book is organized into three sections: Fundamentals of MANET Modeling and Simulation—Describes how MANETs operate and perform through simulations and models Communication Protocols of MANETs—Presents cutting-edge research on key issues, including MAC layer issues and routing in high mobility Future Networks Inspired By MANETs—Tackles open research issues and emerging trends Illustrating the role MANETs are likely to play in future networks, this book supplies the foundation and insight you will need to make your own contributions to the field. It includes coverage of routing protocols, modeling and simulations tools, intelligent optimization techniques to multicriteria routing, security issues in FHAMIPv6, connecting moving smart objects to the Internet, underwater sensor networks, wireless mesh network architecture and protocols, adaptive routing provision using Bayesian inference, and adaptive flow control in transport layer using genetic algorithms