Optimization of Enhanced Mobile Broadband Solution for Rural and Remote Areas: A Case Study of Banten, Indonesia

Penelitian ini menawarkan solusi untuk akses broadband futuristik di daerah terpencil dan pedesaan dengan pilihan: optimasi LTE; dan perkembangan jaringan pita lebar yang diasumsikan sebagai 5G. Teknologi yang digunakan pada sistem 5G masa depan ialah pemanfaatan frekuensi tinggi, UE-Specific Beamforming, dan Skema Carrier Agregation (CA). Lima klasifikasi dalam implementasi jaringan futuristik: Skenario 1, Single Carrier (SC) LTE 1,8 GHz; Skenario 2, CA LTE 1,8 GHz + 2,6 GHz; Skenario 3, SC 5G 15 GHz; Skenario 4, SC 5G 28 GHz; Skenario 5, CA LTE 1,8 GHz + 5G 15 GHz. Redaman hujan diperhitungkan demi mendapat hasil realistis. Pada wilayah Leuwidamar, Skenario 5 memiliki jumlah BS paling sedikit. Sedangkan di Panimbang, Skenario 3 dan 5 memiliki jumlah BS yang paling sedikit. Namun, jika performansi energi diperhitungkan, Skenario 3 merupakan solusi terbaik. Selanjutnya, jika kita mengimplementasikan Discontinues Transmission (DTX), Skenario 3 dapat memberi kita penghematan energi yang mengesankan, dengan masing-masing penghematan sebesar 97% dan 94% pada daerah Leuwidamar dan Panimbang. Maka, hasil studi menyarankan untuk menggunakan jaringan SC 15 GHz sebagai optimisasi jaringan prospektif masa depan di Leuwidamar dan Panimbang, menimbang tercapainya salah satu target teknis teknologi 5G, yaitu ketersediaan 50 Mbps dimana saja dan kapan saja. *****Our work compared the performance of future broadband network solutions: with Optimized LTE system; and a new enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) system, in which assumed to be prospective 5G network. The proposed eMBB system implements three key-techniques: high frequency, a UE-Specific Beamforming, and Carrier Aggregation (CA). We propose five solutions: Case 1, Single Carrier (SC) LTE 1.8 GHz; Case 2, CA LTE 1.8 GHz + 2.6 GHz; Case 3, SC 5G 15 GHz; Case 4, SC 5G 28 GHz; Case 5, CA LTE 1.8 GHz + 5G 15 GHz. Rain attenuation is considered to aim realistic solution. In the remote area (Leuwidamar), the Case 5 gives the least number of BS, with only 1.6 times densification of the current network. For the rural area cases (Panimbang), it is offered by Case 3 and Case 5 with the same number of BS. However, the best solution in terms of energy performance for both areas is Case 3. With DTX implementation, Case 3 gives an impressive amount of energy saving, with 97% in Leuwidamar and 94% saving in Panimbang. Thus, provided that our assumptions about eMBB techniques are fulfilled the Single Carrier 15 GHz link network is the most efficient

Powering remote area base stations by renewable energy

Abstract. The number of cellular subscriptions have seen a tremendous growth in the last decade and to provide connectivity for everyone has led to growth in number of base stations (BSs). BSs installed at places where reliable grid power is not available has increased and will continue to increase in the coming years to connect everybody on the globe. Energy and cost efficiency is becoming a criterion of ever increasing importance in the information and communication technology sector. Energy and cost efficiency is especially important for remote areas where providing mobile communication services is inhibited by the economic drawback of low revenue potential. In this thesis, we discuss the role of BS power consumption in the cellular networks in order to investigate approaches to lower the overall power consumption of the cellular network. The thesis covers structure of a BS and the power consumption of its components. Previous works and research approaches proposed to reduce the power consumption of BSs and to what extent they can lower the power requirement are discussed. Reducing the BS power consumption will reduce the operating cost for the networks and ease the deployment of BSs in remote areas. Also discussed are the two key technical features of 5th generation cellular access networks (beam forming through massive multiple input multiple output antenna systems and ultra-lean system design) that are promising in terms of reducing the BS power consumption. Furthermore, we discuss viable sources of renewable energy that can be used to power BSs in the remote areas. An overview of the renewable energy resources that can be used for this purpose (solar and wind energy) and their availability in different regions is discussed. The setups for harnessing solar and wind energy to generate power are presented in this thesis. For different cases requirements of wind and solar energy systems to power the BSs are calculated. Results show that while solar energy alone is a feasible option in regions at low latitude, small solar energy systems of 4–7 kW rated output power can easily power BS during the entire year. But in regions of high latitude using solar energy alone cannot meet the BS power requirement as there are long durations of very low or negligible solar irradiation levels. Furthermore, the energy produced by small wind energy setups at different wind speeds is investigated for the purpose of powering BSs. We discuss the range of windspeed levels for which the energy produced is sufficient to power a BS. Areas with average windspeeds of 5–8 m/s are very suitable for using wind energy as a source of power for BSs. Hybrid energy systems to power BSs and also a few energy storage options to store excess power are also discussed in this thesis

Beamforming management and beam training in 5G system

Massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with beamforming technique is an integral part of upcoming 5G new radio (NR) system. For the upcoming deployment of 5G NR system in both stand-alone (SA) and non-stand-alone (NSA) structure, beamforming plays an important role to achieve its key features and meet the estimated requirement. To be employed with massive MIMO antenna structure, beamforming will allow 5G system to serve several users at a time with better throughput and spectral usage. Beamforming will also minimize the path loss due to high susceptibility of millimetre wave and provide beamforming gain. For a wide range of benefit scheme, beamforming is currently a hot topic regarding the deployment of 5G. With the advantage of both analog and digital beamforming, hybrid beamforming structure can provide better system benchmark performance in terms of cost and flexibility. Switched beam training and adaptive beam training approaches and algorithms are developed in order to reduce training time, signalling overhead and misdetection probability. Some of the approaches and algorithm are addressed in this thesis. Beamforming management ensures the initiation and sustainability of the established link between transmitter and receiver through different processes. Beam tracking helps to keep track of the receiver devices during mobility. As beamforming is related to antenna configuration, near-field spherical wave front incident problem was ignored, and all the references and examples presented in this topic was obtained with a far-field propagation perspective. To avoid mutual coupling between antenna elements and grating lobe problems in antenna radiation pattern, each element is separated by half of the wavelength. This thesis paper aims to provide a broader view into beamforming scenario, starting from the basics of beamforming to training the beams and management aspects in the hardware part of 5G structure. Another goal is to present the necessity of beamforming in a 5G system by stating different benefits scheme such as spatial diversity, interference suppression, energy efficiency, spectral efficiency and so on. These benefits are justified by evaluating various research paper and MATLAB simulations

5G URLLC: Tekniikka ja teollisuussovellukset

Koska mobiiliverkkojen käyttö on jatkuvassa kasvussa ja internetissä olevien laitteiden määrä on moninkertaistunut viime vuosina, tarvitaan uusia, moderneja ratkaisuja tukemaan entistä yksilöllisempiä tarpeita sekä keinoja hallita alati kasvavaa datan määrää. Viidennen sukupolven mobiiliviestintäteknologia eli 5G on kykenevä vastaamaan näihin haasteisiin, ja se avaa paljon ovia myös uusille sovelluksille, joita voidaan hyödyntää monialaisesti. Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on perehtyä syvemmin 5G:n potentiaaliin sekä sen myötä syntyneisiin mahdollisuuksiin eri käytännön aloilla ja sovelluskohteissa. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan URLLC:tä (engl. Ultra-Reliable, Low-Latency Communications) ja sen merkitystä osana 5G:n tärkeimpiä teknologioita. Tutkielma tehtiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena, ja aineistona käytettiin muun muassa tieteellisiä artikkeleita sekä muita tekstilähteitä. 5G on uusi mobiiliverkkoteknologia, joka toimii edellisiä teknologioita suuremmilla taajuuskaistoilla. Tämän ansiosta sitä voidaan hyödyntää eri tavoin, ja kapasiteetti riittää kattamaan suuretkin tietoliikennemäärät. Koska URLLC yhdessä muiden 5G:n avainteknologioiden kanssa mahdollistaa luotettavan ja nopean tiedonsiirron, näkyy 5G:n luomat parannukset muun muassa vapaa-aikaan, maatalouteen ja teollisuuteen liittyvissä käyttökohteissa hyvinkin selkeästi. Työssä keskitytään pääasiassa teollisuuden sovelluksiin, sillä 5G:n myötä myös teollisuus on kokenut suuren muutoksen, ja puhutaankin teollisuuden neljännestä vallankumouksesta. Teollisuus keskittyy entistä enemmän digitaalisiin sovelluksiin, joita 5G yhdessä URLLC:n kanssa mahdollistaa. Näitä ovat esimerkiksi teollisuusautomaatio, reaaliaikaiset järjestelmät ja koneoppiminen. Tutkielma osoittaa, että 5G:n merkitys teollisuuden saralla on korvaamattoman arvokas. Kustannustehokkaina sekä joustavina pidetyt langattomat tiedonsiirtomenetelmät voivat korvata entiset langalliset järjestelmät ja näin ollen parantaa tuotannon ja teollisuuden luotettavuutta, tehokkuutta ja adaptiivisuutta. Tyypillisimpänä haasteena 5G-teknologiaan liittyen on sen käyttöönotto. Uuden teknologian myötä vanhoja laitteita joudutaan päivittämään, langattoman tiedonsiirron varmistamiseksi saatetaan joutua tekemään fyysisiäkin muutoksia työtiloissa ja henkilöstöä tulee perehdyttää uusiin toimintamalleihin. 5G-teknologiassa on kuitenkin tavoiteltu sen jatkuvuutta, eli kun käyttöönottoon liittyvät haasteet saadaan suoritettua, ei isoja muutoksia tarvitse enää hetkeen tehdä

Proceedings of the 35th WIC Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux and the 4th joint WIC/IEEE Symposium on Information Theory and Signal Processing in the Benelux, Eindhoven, the Netherlands May 12-13, 2014

Compressive sensing (CS) as an approach for data acquisition has recently received much attention. In CS, the signal recovery problem from the observed data requires the solution of a sparse vector from an underdetermined system of equations. The underlying sparse signal recovery problem is quite general with many applications and is the focus of this talk. The main emphasis will be on Bayesian approaches for sparse signal recovery. We will examine sparse priors such as the super-Gaussian and student-t priors and appropriate MAP estimation methods. In particular, re-weighted l2 and re-weighted l1 methods developed to solve the optimization problem will be discussed. The talk will also examine a hierarchical Bayesian framework and then study in detail an empirical Bayesian method, the Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) method. If time permits, we will also discuss Bayesian methods for sparse recovery problems with structure; Intra-vector correlation in the context of the block sparse model and inter-vector correlation in the context of the multiple measurement vector problem

INTER-ENG 2020

These proceedings contain research papers that were accepted for presentation at the 14th International Conference Inter-Eng 2020 ,Interdisciplinarity in Engineering, which was held on 8–9 October 2020, in Târgu Mureș, Romania. It is a leading international professional and scientific forum for engineers and scientists to present research works, contributions, and recent developments, as well as current practices in engineering, which is falling into a tradition of important scientific events occurring at Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology in the George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science, and Technology of Târgu Mures, Romania. The Inter-Eng conference started from the observation that in the 21st century, the era of high technology, without new approaches in research, we cannot speak of a harmonious society. The theme of the conference, proposing a new approach related to Industry 4.0, was the development of a new generation of smart factories based on the manufacturing and assembly process digitalization, related to advanced manufacturing technology, lean manufacturing, sustainable manufacturing, additive manufacturing, and manufacturing tools and equipment. The conference slogan was “Europe’s future is digital: a broad vision of the Industry 4.0 concept beyond direct manufacturing in the company”