62 research outputs found
Dissecting Energy Consumption of NB-IoT Devices Empirically
3GPP has recently introduced NB-IoT, a new mobile communication standard
offering a robust and energy efficient connectivity option to the rapidly
expanding market of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. To unleash its full
potential, end-devices are expected to work in a plug and play fashion, with
zero or minimal parameters configuration, still exhibiting excellent energy
efficiency. We perform the most comprehensive set of empirical measurements
with commercial IoT devices and different operators to date, quantifying the
impact of several parameters to energy consumption. Our campaign proves that
parameters setting does impact energy consumption, so proper configuration is
necessary. We shed light on this aspect by first illustrating how the nominal
standard operational modes map into real current consumption patterns of NB-IoT
devices. Further, we investigate which device reported metadata metrics better
reflect performance and implement an algorithm to automatically identify device
state in current time series logs. Then, we provide a measurement-driven
analysis of the energy consumption and network performance of two popular
NB-IoT boards under different parameter configurations and with two major
western European operators. We observed that energy consumption is mostly
affected by the paging interval in Connected state, set by the base station.
However, not all operators correctly implement such settings. Furthermore,
under the default configuration, energy consumption in not strongly affected by
packet size nor by signal quality, unless it is extremely bad. Our observations
indicate that simple modifications to the default parameters settings can yield
great energy savings.Comment: 18 pages, 25 figures, IEEE journal format, all Figures recreated for
better readability, new section with results summar
Analytical Modeling and Experimental Validation of NB-IoT Device Energy Consumption
The recent standardization of 3GPP Narrowband
Internet of Things (NB-IoT) paves the way to support low-power
wide-area (LPWA) use cases in cellular networks. NB-IoT design
goals are extended coverage, low power and low cost devices,
and massive connections. As a new radio access technology, it is
necessary to analyze the possibilities NB-IoT provides to support
different traffic and coverage needs. In this paper, we propose and
validate an NB-IoT energy consumption model. The analytical
model is based on a Markov chain. For the validation, an experimental
setup is used to measure the energy consumption of two
commercial NB-IoT user equipments (UEs) connected to a base
station emulator. The evaluation is done considering three test
cases. The comparison of the model and measurements is done
in terms of the estimated battery lifetime and the latency needed
to finish the control plane procedure. The conducted evaluation
shows the analytical model performs well, obtaining a maximum
relative error of the battery lifetime estimation between the model
and the measurements of 21% for an assumed interarrival time
(IAT) of 6 min.This
work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and
Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund under
Project TEC2016-76795-C6-4-R and in part by the H2020 European Project
TRIANGLE under Grant 688712
A Modelling and Experimental Framework for Battery Lifetime Estimation in NB-IoT and LTE-M
To enable large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) deployment, Low-power
wide-area networking (LPWAN) has attracted a lot of research attention with the
design objectives of low-power consumption, wide-area coverage, and low cost.
In particular, long battery lifetime is central to these technologies since
many of the IoT devices will be deployed in hard-toaccess locations. Prediction
of the battery lifetime depends on the accurate modelling of power consumption.
This paper presents detailed power consumption models for two cellular IoT
technologies: Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Long Term Evolution
for Machines (LTE-M). A comprehensive power consumption model based on User
Equipment (UE) states and procedures for device battery lifetime estimation is
presented. An IoT device power measurement testbed has been setup and the
proposed model has been validated via measurements with different coverage
scenarios and traffic configurations, achieving the modelling inaccuracy within
5%. The resulting estimated battery lifetime is promising, showing that the
10-year battery lifetime requirement specified by 3GPP can be met with proper
configuration of traffic profile, transmission, and network parameters.Comment: submitted to IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 12 pages, 10 figure
Energy efficiency in short and wide-area IoT technologies—A survey
In the last years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key application context in the design and evolution of technologies in the transition toward a 5G ecosystem. More and more IoT technologies have entered the market and represent important enablers in the deployment of networks of interconnected devices. As network and spatial device densities grow, energy efficiency and consumption are becoming an important aspect in analyzing the performance and suitability of different technologies. In this framework, this survey presents an extensive review of IoT technologies, including both Low-Power Short-Area Networks (LPSANs) and Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), from the perspective of energy efficiency and power consumption. Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks. Current limitations and open challenges are also discussed, aiming at highlighting new possible research directions
Experimental performance evaluation of NB-IoT
Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is gaining prominence as a key Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology for IoT applications. Since it operates on licensed frequency spectrum it can provide guarantees to applications demanding Quality of Service (QoS). NB-IoT has emerged as a competitive rival for other LPWAN technologies such as LoRa and Sigfox, which work in the unlicensed frequency spectrum and are vulnerable to interference. Therefore, NB-IoT is the trivial fit for industries and other business companies that demand guaranteed services. In this paper the different features of the NB-IoT technology have been studied on the commercial Orange network in Belgium using the ublox SARA-N210 module [1] as the user equipment (UE). We focused on the device and network performance in terms of setup times, signal quality, throughput, latency, and reliability and studied the network dynamicity on signal strength. These observations are then compared with the theoretical defined limits of NB-IoT
Comparison of wireless data transmission protocols for residential water meter applications
This article provides a comparison of various wireless data transmission protocols, such as Wireless M-Bus, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT and a newly developed proprietary protocol, studying their performance in the application of battery-powered residential water meters. Key aspects of the comparison include energy consumption, which is analyzed through comparing unitary amount of charge required to conduct a single, bi-directional data transaction between the meter and base station, and maximum coupling loss which effectively defines the range and coverage in the system. For completeness, the study includes also a brief cost analysis and ends with a conclusion, stating when each of the particular standards should be favored
Comparison of wireless data transmission protocols for residential water meter applications
This article provides a comparison of various wireless data transmission protocols, such as Wireless M-Bus, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT and a newly developed proprietary protocol, studying their performance in the application of battery-powered residential water meters. Key aspects of the comparison include energy consumption, which is analyzed through comparing unitary amount of charge required to conduct a single, bi-directional data transaction between the meter and base station, and maximum coupling loss which effectively defines the range and coverage in the system. For completeness, the study includes also a brief cost analysis and ends with a conclusion, stating when each of the particular standards should be favored
A Review of Low Power Wide Area Technology in Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum for IoT Use Cases
There are many platforms in licensed and license free spectrum that support LPWA (low power wide area) technology in the current markets. However, lack of standardization of the different platforms can be a challenge for an interoperable IoT environment. Therefore understanding the features of each technology platform is essential to be able to differentiate how the technology can be matched to a specific IoT application profile. This paper provides an analysis of LPWA underlying technology in licensed and unlicensed spectrum by means of literature review and comparative assessment of Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT and LTE-M. We review their technical aspect and discussed the pros and cons in terms of their technical and other deployment features. General IoT application requirements is also presented and linked to the deployment factors to give an insight of how different applications profiles is associated to the right technology platform, thus provide a simple guideline on how to match a specific application profile with the best fit connectivity features
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