Energy Efficiency for 5G Multi-Tier Cellular Networks

The heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) is most significant as a key technology for future fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. The heterogeneous network consists of randomly macrocell base stations (MBSs) overlaid with femtocell base stations (FBSs). Stochastic geometry has been shown to be a very powerful tool to model, analyze, and design networks with random topologies such as wireless ad hoc, sensor networks, and multi-tier cellular networks. HCNs can be energy-efficiently designed by deploying various BSs belonging to different networks, which has drawn significant attention to one of the technologies for future 5G wireless networks. In this chapter, we propose switching off/on systems enabling the BSs in the cellular networks to efficiently consume the power by introducing active/sleep modes, which is able to reduce the interference and power consumption in the MBSs and FBSs on an individual basis as well as improve the energy efficiency of the cellular networks. We formulate the minimization of the power consumption for the MBSs and FBSs as well as an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency subject to throughput outage constraints, which can be solved by the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions according to the femto tier BS density. We also formulate and compare the coverage probability and the energy efficiency in HCN scenarios with and without coordinated multi-point (CoMP) to avoid coverage holes

Chapter Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Filter Bank Multi‐Carrier (FBMC)‐ Based 5G Networks with Estimated Channel State Information (CSI)

The heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) is most significant as a key technology for future fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. The heterogeneous network consists of randomly macrocell base stations (MBSs) overlaid with femtocell base stations (FBSs). Stochastic geometry has been shown to be a very powerful tool to model, analyze, and design networks with random topologies such as wireless ad hoc, sensor networks, and multi-tier cellular networks. HCNs can be energy-efficiently designed by deploying various BSs belonging to different networks, which has drawn significant attention to one of the technologies for future 5G wireless networks. In this chapter, we propose switching off/on systems enabling the BSs in the cellular networks to efficiently consume the power by introducing active/sleep modes, which is able to reduce the interference and power consumption in the MBSs and FBSs on an individual basis as well as improve the energy efficiency of the cellular networks. We formulate the minimization of the power consumption for the MBSs and FBSs as well as an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency subject to throughput outage constraints, which can be solved by the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions according to the femto tier BS density. We also formulate and compare the coverage probability and the energy efficiency in HCN scenarios with and without coordinated multi-point (CoMP) to avoid coverage holes

Next-Generation Infrastructure and Technology Issues in 5G Systems

Next-generation technologies are being tried to develop for 5G wireless cellular networks nowadays by many researchers. Some key technologies provide significant improvements for 5G systems in terms of huge capacity, higher data rate, signaling overhead on the network and energy-spectral efficiency. But these technologies also bring along critical issues for 5G systems. In this paper, these major problems of 5G networks are discussed in terms of scarcity radio frequency spectrum, inter-antenna synchronization, antenna deployments in cells, network and traffic management, cost and workload. Also these challenges are expressed, presented and discussed in each section to provide prior knowledge and perspective for 5G network designers and researchers

Next-Generation Infrastructure and Technology Issues in 5G Systems

Next-generation technologies are being tried to develop for 5G wireless cellular networks nowadays by many researchers. Some key technologies provide significant improvements for 5G systems in terms of huge capacity, higher data rate, signaling overhead on the network and energy-spectral efficiency. But these technologies also bring along critical issues for 5G systems. In this paper, these major problems of 5G networks are discussed in terms of scarcity radio frequency spectrum, inter-antenna synchronization, antenna deployments in cells, network and traffic management, cost and workload. Also these challenges are expressed, presented and discussed in each section to provide prior knowledge and perspective for 5G network designers and researchers

Design and Evaluation of mmWave MIMO Networks Using 28 and 60 GHz in Urban Areas

A new alternative network is critical since cellular users are increasing year after year and network capacity is becoming insufficient. Currently, network design prioritizes not only performance but also energy efficiency. The MIMO system has existed for a long time and has been shown to improve system performance. A mmWave technology is currently one of the 5G enabling technologies that use high frequencies to enable speeds of up to 1 Gbps while maintaining high capacity and low latency. Thus, the combination of mmWave technology and MIMO systems is one of the challenges for implementing 5G technology with high performance and energy efficiency in urban areas. This paper, therefore, designs and evaluates the mmWave MIMO network using 28 and 60 GHz frequencies in urban areas, especially in Banda Aceh city. Then, this paper analyzes the designed network performance by considering coverage area, SINR, throughput, and energy efficiency. The designed mmWave MIMO system uses different antennas: 4, 8, 16, and 32. Simulation results indicate that the mmWave MIMO 28 GHz network has a larger coverage area, higher SINR, and more energy efficiency than the mmWave MIMO 60 GHz network. The highest energy efficiency is achieved in the network using a 16-antenna. On the other hand, the throughput of a mmWave MIMO 28 GHz network is lower than that of a mmWave MIMO 60 GHz network. The mmWave MIMO 28 GHz network has demonstrated advantages that make it ideal for use in urban areas, particularly in Banda Aceh

Analyzing and evaluating the energy efficiency based on multi-5G small cells with a mm-waves in the next generation cellular networks

This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, and (ii) the interference effects of adjacent cells. In addition, the concepts of new technologies such as large MIMO in millimeter range communication have also been considered. The simulation results show that the interference from adjacent cells can degrade the EE of a multi-cell cellular network. With the high interference the number of bits that will be transferred per joule of energy is 1.29 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz bandwidth and 16 transmit antennas. While, with a 1 GHz bandwidth the transfer rate increases to 5.17 Mb/J. Whereas, with 64 transmit antennas the EE improved to 5.17 Mb/J with a 0.25 GHz BW and 20.70 Mb/J with a 1 GHz BW. These results provide insight into the impact of the number of antennas in millimeter range communication and the interference from adjacent cells on achieving real gains in the EE of multi-5G small cells cellular network