Energy-efficient non-orthogonal multiple access for wireless communication system

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been recognized as a potential solution for enhancing the throughput of next-generation wireless communications. NOMA is a potential option for 5G networks due to its superiority in providing better spectrum efficiency (SE) compared to orthogonal multiple access (OMA). From the perspective of green communication, energy efficiency (EE) has become a new performance indicator. A systematic literature review is conducted to investigate the available energy efficient approach researchers have employed in NOMA. We identified 19 subcategories related to EE in NOMA out of 108 publications where 92 publications are from the IEEE website. To help the reader comprehend, a summary for each category is explained and elaborated in detail. From the literature review, it had been observed that NOMA can enhance the EE of wireless communication systems. At the end of this survey, future research particularly in machine learning algorithms such as reinforcement learning (RL) and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for NOMA are also discussed

Research Issues, Challenges, and Opportunities of Wireless Power Transfer-Aided Full-Duplex Relay Systems

We present a comprehensive review for wireless power transfer (WPT)-aided full-duplex (FD) relay systems. Two critical challenges in implementing WPT-aided FD relay systems are presented, that is, pseudo FD realization and high power consumption. Existing time-splitting or power-splitting structure based-WPT-aided FD relay systems can only realize FD operation in one of the time slots or only forward part of the received signal to the destination, belonging to pseudo FD realization. Besides, self-interference is treated as noise and self-interference cancellation (SIC) operation incurs high power consumption at the FD relay node. To this end, a promising solution is outlined to address the two challenges, which realizes consecutive FD realization at all times and forwards all the desired signal to the destination for decoding. Also, active SIC, that is, analog/digital cancellation, is not required by the proposed solution, which effectively reduces the circuit complexity and releases high power consumption at the FD relay node. Specific classifications and performance metrics of WPT-aided FD relay systems are summarized. Some future research is also envisaged for WPT-aided FD systems

Relaying in the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey

The deployment of relays between Internet of Things (IoT) end devices and gateways can improve link quality. In cellular-based IoT, relays have the potential to reduce base station overload. The energy expended in single-hop long-range communication can be reduced if relays listen to transmissions of end devices and forward these observations to gateways. However, incorporating relays into IoT networks faces some challenges. IoT end devices are designed primarily for uplink communication of small-sized observations toward the network; hence, opportunistically using end devices as relays needs a redesign of both the medium access control (MAC) layer protocol of such end devices and possible addition of new communication interfaces. Additionally, the wake-up time of IoT end devices needs to be synchronized with that of the relays. For cellular-based IoT, the possibility of using infrastructure relays exists, and noncellular IoT networks can leverage the presence of mobile devices for relaying, for example, in remote healthcare. However, the latter presents problems of incentivizing relay participation and managing the mobility of relays. Furthermore, although relays can increase the lifetime of IoT networks, deploying relays implies the need for additional batteries to power them. This can erode the energy efficiency gain that relays offer. Therefore, designing relay-assisted IoT networks that provide acceptable trade-offs is key, and this goes beyond adding an extra transmit RF chain to a relay-enabled IoT end device. There has been increasing research interest in IoT relaying, as demonstrated in the available literature. Works that consider these issues are surveyed in this paper to provide insight into the state of the art, provide design insights for network designers and motivate future research directions

A Tutorial on Nonorthogonal Multiple Access for 5G and Beyond

Today's wireless networks allocate radio resources to users based on the orthogonal multiple access (OMA) principle. However, as the number of users increases, OMA based approaches may not meet the stringent emerging requirements including very high spectral efficiency, very low latency, and massive device connectivity. Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) principle emerges as a solution to improve the spectral efficiency while allowing some degree of multiple access interference at receivers. In this tutorial style paper, we target providing a unified model for NOMA, including uplink and downlink transmissions, along with the extensions tomultiple inputmultiple output and cooperative communication scenarios. Through numerical examples, we compare the performances of OMA and NOMA networks. Implementation aspects and open issues are also detailed.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figure

Optimizing energy efficiency for supporting near-cloud access region of UAV based NOMA networks in IoT systems

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) are two promising technologies for wireless the fifth generation (5G) networks and beyond. On one hand, UAVs can be deployed as flying base stations to build line-of-sight (LoS) communication links to two ground users (GUs) and to improve the performance of conventional terrestrial cellular networks. On the other hand, NOMA enables the share of an orthogonal resource to multiple users simultaneously, thus improving the spectral efficiency and supporting massive connectivities. This paper presents two protocols namely cloud-base central station (CCS) based power-splitting protocol (PSR) and time-switching protocol (TSR), for simultaneously wireless information and power transmission (SWIPT) at UAV employed in power domain NOMA based multi-tier heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) of internet of things (IoT) system. The system model with k types of UAVs and two users in which the CCS manages the entire H-CRAN and operates as a central unit in the cloud is proposed in our work. Closed-form expressions of throughput and energy efficiency (EE) for UAVs are derived. In particular, the EE is determined for the impacts of power allocation at CCS, various UAV types and channel environment. The simulation results show that the performance for CCS-based PSR outperforms that for CCS-based TSR for the impacts of power allocation at the CCS. On contrary, the TSR protocol has a higher EE than the PSR in cases of the impact of various UAV types and channel environment. The analytic results match Monte Carlo simulations

Performance analysis of power-splitting relaying protocol in SWIPT based cooperative NOMA systems

This paper investigates a relay assisted simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) for downlink in cellular systems. Cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (C-NOMA) is employed along with power splitting protocol to enable both energy harvesting (EH) and information processing (IP). A downlink model consists of a base station (BS) and two users is considered, in which the near user (NU) is selected as a relay to forward the received signal from the BS to the far user (FU). Maximum ratio combining is then employed at the FU to combine both the signals received from the BS and NU. Closed form expressions of outage probability, throughput, ergodic rate and energy efficiency (EE) are firstly derived for the SWIPT based C-NOMA considering both scenarios of with and without direct link between the BS and FU. The impacts of EH time, EH efficiency, power-splitting ratio, source data rate and distance between different nodes on the performance are then investigated. The simulation results show that the C-NOMA with direct link achieves an outperformed performance over C-NOMA without direct link. Moreover, the performance of C-NOMA with direct link is also higher than that for OMA. Specifically, (1) the outage probability for C-NOMA in both direct and relaying link cases is always lower than that for OMA. (2) the outage probability, throughput and ergodic rate vary according to β, (3) the EE of both users can obtain in SNR range of from -10 to 5 dB and it decreases linearly as SNR increases. Numerical results are provided to verify the findings