A research framework of crowdfunding platform usage

In this paper, we define the crowdfunding platform (CFP) a virtual place where project creators document their projects for gaining awareness or social support for making the project proceed. By doing so, project teams can voice the propositions they have worked on or they may also speak out on one party’s behalf for seeking advices. This paper proposes a research framework that targets the issue of CFP in investigating usage behavior in the project teams’ perspectives. It aims at filling the research gap as there is no clear link has been made in understanding how project teams keep up with the usage of CFP in terms of making progresses of proposed projects. In doing so, we believe the power of enormous crowds as project teams can be probably gathered and managed. Moreover, the administrations of CFP can be correctly directed for opening up opportunities for new start-ups

Understanding the System Fit Challenge at the Initial Post-Adoption Stage: The Roles of Emotions in Users\u27 Adaptation Behaviors

Users’ adaptation behaviors are vital to the success of the system if there is a poor fit between task and technology at the initial post-adoption stage. However, prior studies have mixed results on how users adapt to the fit challenge. We draw on coping theory and appraisal theory of emotion to develop an encounter-emotion-coping framework to reconcile the mixed results by exploring the links between fit, emotions, individual adaptation and task-technology adaptation behaviors. The paths were tested through a survey of 283 nurses. Results suggest that emotions felt by users in the initial stage explain the relationship between fit and the two adaptation behaviors. This study (1) extends our understanding of the consequences of fit issue, (2) unveils the roles of different emotions in eliciting users’ adaptation behaviors, and (3) differentiates individual adaptation from task-technology adaptation in terms of their emotional antecedents. Implications for practice are discussed

Technology Assisted Choice in Medicare Part D Plan Selection

In 2006, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented a new benefit for Medicare enrollees that was under schedule Part D of Medicare. This new benefit, known as Medicare Part D, covered prescription medications for enrollees in the Medicare programs. Medicare beneficiaries had to enroll in this new benefit to access this coverage. A new website, the Medicare Part D Plan Finder, was developed as part of this rollout to allow Medicare beneficiaries the opportunity to view available plan in their area and enroll in those plans. Several years after the original enrollment, several studies were conducted to examine the effectiveness of plan selection. The reviews looked at the financial costs and benefits of the current plans against the available plans for an enrollee. The switching rates for enrollees was not very active. This made the initial choice of plan more important, as once an enrollee signed up for a plan, there was a high level of “stickiness” to stay with that plan even as health circumstances might have changed, available plans might have changed, drug formularies could have been modified or current coverages and benefits were altered. These studies found that enrollees were paying more than they needed to pay because of this lack of switching behavior. Some of these behaviors were attributed to the way that plan information was 7 presented on the Medicare Plan Finder website, which saw the information as confusing, voluminous, and in some circumstances, incorrect. In 2019 a new version of the Medicare Part D Plan finder website was implemented. The new site incorporated feedback from enrollees, policy makers and health insurance experts. The intent was to create a tool that would allow consumers to better review and analyze information to assist them in making plan choices for Medicare Part D. This study used a discrete choice experiment to review and examine how individuals use the new site and if the information presented is helpful in determining the optimal plan choice for a hypothetical patient profile. Participants used a defined set of medications, pharmacy options and beneficiary location to establish a set of available plans. The Plan Finder tool was then used by the participants to select the optimal plan. A post experiment survey also collected information on the decision-making process, information used, the efficacy of the site, and the confidence in the decision. In the experiment, only 35% of the participants made an optimal Medicare Part D Plan choice. There were four groups with different levels of supporting information, as well as online and in-person support. The group that performed the best in determining the optimal plan choice was provided with high levels of information and instruction, but low levels of in-person or inline task support. 50% of this group correctly made the optimal plan choice. Individuals who were 65 or older, which is the target population for Medicare Part D plans, only had a 21% successful selection rate. An individual’s decision-making confidence was a predictor of successful plan selection and low decision making confidence was also predictive of incorrect optimal plan choice

Flexible Work Schedules, Virtual Work Programs, and Employee Productivity

In a workplace marked by increasing change and competing commitments, business leaders require an increased understanding of alternative work programs. Utilizing spillover theory, motivator-hygiene theory, and adaptive structuration theory, this single case study was an exploration of the strategies that business leaders use for flexible work schedules and virtual work programs. The population consisted of 3 managerial business executives and 6 employees within a midwestern United States division of a global blood management solutions firm. The data collection process included a series of semistructured interviews, a focus group, and the assessment of company documentation. Methodological triangulation identified 5 emerging themes: program assessment and monitoring, standard set of virtual working hours, remote office setup, increased virtual communication, and promotion of quality of life. The transferability of this single case study remains with the reader and future researchers to determine. Future researchers may discover that the findings contribute to social change by better preparing organizations for success while simultaneously positioning individuals to attain optimum balance across life and work responsibilities

Three analytics-based essays examining the use and impact of Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVA) and Health Information Technologies (HIT) in service contexts

Recent advancements in information technology (IT) innovation, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), are changing the dynamics in the service sector by driving smart reinvention of service tasks and processes. Additionally, organisations are leveraging the capabilities of emerging information systems (IS) to make their services more efficient and customer centric. However, the decision to use recent advancements in IT can be challenging for organizations since the required initial investment for implementation is often high and the economic value and impact on service performance cannot be gauged with certainty (Kwon et al. 2015). This forces many organizations to prioritise which IT functionalities may best be suited for their needs. To support the decision making process of organizations, regarding the adoption and use of innovative IT, scholars in the information systems (IS) and related fields are called to improve knowledge and understanding about various IT components and functionalities as well as their corresponding impact on individual users and organizations. Scholars are also expected to provide the means by which businesses can meaningfully predict the potential impact and economic value of innovative IT (Ravichandran 2018). In this three essay dissertation, we investigate how the use of various components and functionalities of innovative information systems can individually (or together) impact the quality of service delivered to end consumers. The essays are broadly based on the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning(ML) and services. In the first study, we found that during encounters between eService consumers and Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVAs), typically powered by artificial intelligence, machine learning and natural language processing, the following dimensions are important for the perceived quality of service: IVA interactivity, IVA personalization, IVA flexibility, IVA assurance and IVA reliability. Among the five dimensions of IVA encounter, we found that IVA interactivity, IVA personalization and IVA reliability had positive impacts on the effective use of IVAs. In study 2, we investigated performance of hospitals in the health service sector. We proposed a smart decision support system (DSS) for predicting the performance of hospitals based on the Health Information Technology (HIT) functionalities as applied and used in these hospitals for patient care and in improving hospital performance. We found that the predictive performance of our proposed smart DSS was most accurate when HIT functionalities were used in certain bundles than in isolation. In study 3, we investigated the effect of hospital heterogeneity on the accuracy of prediction of our proposed smart DSS as we recognize that not all hospitals have the same set of context, opportunity, location and constraints. We found that the following sources of variations in hospitals had significant moderator effects on the accurate prediction of our smart DSS: hospital size, ownership, region, location (urban/rural) and complexity of cases treated. In summary, this dissertation contributes to the IS literature by providing insight into the emergent use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies as part of IS/IT solutions in both consumer-oriented services and the healthcare sector

Pengaruh perbedaan generasi pengguna terhadap kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi

Pengaruh perbedaan generasi pengguna di organisasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan kinerja Teknologi Informasi (TI) dapat menurun, hal ini disebabkan semakin bertambahnya usia dan perbedaan karakteristik dari masingmasing generasi pengguna, sehingga berdampak terhadap kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi. Organisasi memiliki generasi pengguna dengan rentang usia yang sangat beragam, maka teknologi informasi yang digunakan juga harus memiliki kesesuaian, fleksibilitas, dan kemudahan dalam membantu menyelesaikan tugas-tugas. Identifikasi faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kinerja individu berdasarkan perbedaan generasi dengan menggunakan teknologi informasi diperlukan mengingat hasil temuan ini sangat penting dalam meningkatkan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi di organisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti dan membuktikan pengaruh perbedaan dari masing-masing generasi pengguna (Generasi Y, Generasi X, dan Generasi Baby boomers) terhadap kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi di organisasi. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi pengaruh perbedaan generasi pengguna pada kesesuaian teknologi terhadap tugas (Task Technology Fit) yang berdampak terhadap kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi di Organisasi. Penelitian ini bermanfaat bagi organisasi dalam membantu mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh dari permasalahan nyata yang dihadapi generasi pengguna dan membantu pengambilan keputusan strategis dalam upaya meningkatkan kinerja teknologi informasi. Mengetahui kesesuaian teknologi terhadap tugas (Task Technology Fit) berdasarkan perbedaan generasi pengguna sangat diperlukan oleh organisasi di Indonesia dalam rangka meningkatkan kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi sehingga Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan mampu mendorong organisasi-organisasi di Indonesia untuk melakukan penilaian kesesuaian teknologi dalam mendukung tugas yang berdampak terhadap kinerja individu. Pengetahuan terhadap kinerja individu dalam menggunakan teknologi informasi dari masing-masing generasi pengguna akan memudahkan organisasi dalam mengambil keputusan strategis dalam meningkatkan produktivitas, efektivitas, dan efisiensi penerapan teknologi informasi yang tepat di Indonesia. ================================================================================================= The effect of different user generation in an organization is one of the factors that causes the decline of information technology user, this is due to the aging and characteristic difference factors of each user generations, so they impact individual performance in using information technology. Organization have user generation with very diverse age range, then the used information technology must have compatibility, flexibility, and ease in assisting completing tasks. Identifying the influencing factors toward individual performance based on different user generation in using information technology is required since these findings are very important in improving the use of information technology in organizations. This study aims to investigate and prove the effect of each different user generation (Generation Y, Generation X, and Generation Baby boomers) toward individual performance in using information technology in organizations. This study is done by identifying the effect of different generation toward the technology suitability for the task (task technology fit) that impact toward individual performance in using information technology in organizations. This study is useful for organizations in identifying the influencing factors from the real problems faced by user generation and assisting strategic decision making in order to improve the information technology performance. Knowing the technology suitability for the task (task technology fit) based on different user generation is highly required by Indonesian organizations in order to improve individual performance in using information technology, this study is expected to encourage Indonesian organizations to carry out conformity technology assessment in supporting task which have impacts on individual performance. Knowledge on individual performance in using information technology from each user generation will ease organizations in making strategic decisions to bolster productivity, effectiveness, and efficiency toward the application of information technology in Indonesia

The Adoption of Pervasive Technology in Private Spaces: Exploring Pre-Exposure Beliefs and Post-Exposure Outcomes Using Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Ph. D. Thesis.The development of pervasive technology for homes has always revolved around ever-growing consumer needs for comfort, a better home experience and the convenience of technology operation. Smart home technologies promise to deliver financial, environmental and health-related benefits through real-time control and management of resource consumption, remote monitoring and support, and other tailored services for users. However, despite the benefits of the technology for its users, the adoption rate is still low. Low adoption incurs the risk that the technology’s potential will never be realised, decreasing its positive implications for individuals and society in general. Against the backdrop of the low implementation of smart homes and their fast-paced development, it is important to examine technology utilisation from the user’s perspective, focusing on beliefs that underpin the acceptance and the perceived outcomes of performance. Given that new technology raises high expectations, which may undermine post-performance evaluation, it is important to consider the psychological factors that the perception and experiences of the promised performance entail. This will provide valuable evidence about the conditions which lead people to continue with or abandon the technology. The academic community has intensified its efforts to examine the concept of the smart home, its technological capabilities, its implications and the impact on people’s lives, but the literature still lacks empirical evidence about the users’ perspective on the utilisation of technology. Users’ beliefs, such as the expected benefits and risks which may facilitate or inhibit trialling the technology in private spaces have been under-researched. Studies have examined interaction with technologies irrespective of the context, thus decreasing the validity of the analysis of situational behaviour. However, the utilisation of technology in private settings is contingent on psychological factors, the perception of outcomes, motives and beliefs. Those factors affect the perception of the values and risks that the use of the technology might entail. Secondly, there is still a lack of insight into the outcomes of the use of technology when the performance falls short of initial expectations. The behavioural and cognitive responses following poor technology performance and the coping mechanisms that users deploy to ameliorate negative consequences are under-researched. Given the gaps in the literature, the first focus of the thesis was to examine the user’s perspective on smart home utilisation by examining the beliefs that underpin the adoption of the technology. The research adopted the Task Technology Fit (TTF) model, integrated with the constructs that pertain to the users’ perception of technology performance, such as perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. While TTF stresses the importance of the “fit” factor when it comes to task-related behaviour, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use explain the attitudinal underpinnings of the behaviour. Additionally, the model aimed to explain whether utilitarian, hedonic values, privacy and financial risks influence the users’ perception of task-fit. The second focus of this thesis was to explore individuals’ behaviour when technology performance falls short of expectations. The hypotheses were drawn from the literature in the confirmation-satisfaction and cognitive dissonance domains. Such an approach made it possible to examine psychological, behavioural and cognitive factors following a negative experience with technology. Post-performance dissonance arousal reflecting the psychological discomfort induced by the discrepancy between performance and expectations was examined. Furthermore, the adoption of cognitive dissonance theory aimed to explore the role of different types of emotions associated with dissonance and their role in post-dissonance behaviour. The motivational roles of each emotion in predicting coping strategies for reducing dissonance, such as behaviour change, attitude change and information seeking, were investigated. Two online surveys were conducted to address the objectives of the thesis. The first survey focused on examining the antecedents of pervasive technology adoption by smart home users. The data for the first survey was collected from 422 respondents located in the United States. The focus of the second questionnaire was to examine the behaviour following disconfirmed expectations. Therefore, only smart home users who had had a negative experience with using smart home technologies were eligible to participate in the survey. After filtering non-eligible cases, the final sample consisted of 387 responses. Both questionnaires consisted of two parts: 1) questions related to the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, and 2) questions designed to measure the variables for the model. For the analysis of the data, structural equation modelling was utilised. Results indicated that hedonic and utilitarian beliefs are critical for the perception of task fit, whereas privacy and financial factors were found not to be significant. The fit between tasks and technology demonstrated its significant role in predicting perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, use behaviour and satisfaction. Lastly, use behaviour showed a positive correlation with satisfaction. When it came to examining the outcomes of performance following disconfirmed expectations, results indicated that weak technology performance induces dissonance due to the discrepancy between expected and actual technology performance. Dissonance triggered feelings of anger, guilt and regret. The arousal of those emotions activated distinctive dissonance reduction mechanisms aimed at reducing psychological discomfort through attitude change, behaviour change or information-seeking mechanisms. Behaviour change was selected when people felt anger and regret, while consonant information-seeking and attitude change were selected when people felt guilt. The coping mechanisms, in turn, had different effects on satisfaction and wellbeing. Satisfaction and wellbeing were achieved when people coped with dissonance by changing their attitude to the technology or searching for information to justify the use of the technology. The withdrawal of behaviour increased the likelihood of feeling dissatisfaction and reduced the likelihood of perceiving wellbeing. The results of this thesis make several contributions. The findings contribute to the literature on the acceptance of pervasive technology in private spaces. Evidence on the role of beliefs pertaining to technology utilisation (i.e. task-technology fit, perceived usefulness and perceived ease) in private spaces moves forward the theoretical front in the domain of smart homes. In addition, the examination of psychological beliefs (i.e. hedonic value, utilitarian value, privacy and financial risks) with the task-technology fit factor explained the facilitating and inhibiting conditions in which the technology is most likely to be perceived to be compatible with users’ needs. Secondly, insight into consumer experience after technology widens the boundaries of the research on innovative technology acceptance, which has predominantly focused on the underpinnings of adoption as opposed to the outcomes of initial use. The results of the thesis provide evidence about behavioural outcomes following the utilisation of technology when performance falls short of expectations. Such an approach adds to the literature adopting the expectation disconfirmation paradigm, by providing a different perspective on the behavioural outcomes of disconfirmed expectations. In contrast to prior research, the results indicate that the disconfirmation of expectations can lead to positive outcomes, such as satisfaction and perceived wellbeing. Thirdly, the results widen the application of cognitive dissonance theory, by identifying the complex psychological, cognitive and behavioural processes following the evaluation of technology performance. As far as practical implications are concerned, the results inform practitioners about the factors to focus on when developing technology to satisfy a broader user segment. Also, they provide suggestions on marketing and communication strategies that may eliminate the likelihood or the consequences of disconfirmed expectations