269 research outputs found

    Hybridizing 3-dimensional multiple object tracking with neurofeedback to enhance preparation, performance, and learning

    Full text link
    Le vaste domaine de l’amĂ©lioration cognitive traverse les applications comportementales, biochimiques et physiques. Aussi nombreuses sont les techniques que les limites de ces premiĂšres : des Ă©tudes de pauvre mĂ©thodologie, des pratiques Ă©thiquement ambiguĂ«s, de faibles effets positifs, des effets secondaires significatifs, des couts financiers importants, un investissement de temps significatif, une accessibilitĂ© inĂ©gale, et encore un manque de transfert. L’objectif de cette thĂšse est de proposer une mĂ©thode novatrice d’intĂ©gration de l’une de ces techniques, le neurofeedback, directement dans un paradigme d’apprentissage afin d’amĂ©liorer la performance cognitive et l’apprentissage. Cette thĂšse propose les modalitĂ©s, les fondements empiriques et des donnĂ©es Ă  l’appui de ce paradigme efficace d’apprentissage ‘bouclé’. En manipulant la difficultĂ© dans une tĂąche en fonction de l’activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale en temps rĂ©el, il est dĂ©montrĂ© que dans un paradigme d’apprentissage traditionnel (3-dimentional multiple object tracking), la vitesse et le degrĂ© d’apprentissage peuvent ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©s de maniĂšre significative lorsque comparĂ©s au paradigme traditionnel ou encore Ă  un groupe de contrĂŽle actif. La performance amĂ©liorĂ©e demeure observĂ©e mĂȘme avec un retrait du signal de rĂ©troaction, ce qui suggĂšre que les effets de l’entrainement amĂ©liorĂ© sont consolidĂ©s et ne dĂ©pendent pas d’une rĂ©troaction continue. Ensuite, cette thĂšse rĂ©vĂšle comment de tels effets se produisent, en examinant les corrĂ©lĂ©s neuronaux des Ă©tats de prĂ©paration et de performance Ă  travers les conditions d’état de base et pendant la tĂąche, de plus qu’en fonction du rĂ©sultat (rĂ©ussite/Ă©chec) et de la difficultĂ© (basse/moyenne/haute vitesse). La prĂ©paration, la performance et la charge cognitive sont mesurĂ©es via des liens robustement Ă©tablis dans un contexte d’activitĂ© cĂ©rĂ©brale fonctionnelle mesurĂ©e par l’électroencĂ©phalographie quantitative. Il est dĂ©montrĂ© que l’ajout d’une assistance- Ă -la-tĂąche apportĂ©e par la frĂ©quence alpha dominante est non seulement appropriĂ©e aux conditions de ce paradigme, mais influence la charge cognitive afin de favoriser un maintien du sujet dans sa zone de dĂ©veloppement proximale, ce qui facilite l’apprentissage et amĂ©liore la performance. Ce type de paradigme d’apprentissage peut contribuer Ă  surmonter, au minimum, un des limites fondamentales du neurofeedback et des autres techniques d’amĂ©lioration cognitive : le manque de transfert, en utilisant une mĂ©thode pouvant ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©e directement dans le contexte dans lequel l’amĂ©lioration de la performance est souhaitĂ©e.The domain of cognitive enhancement is vast, spanning behavioral, biochemical and physical applications. The techniques are as numerous as are the limitations: poorly conducted studies, ethically ambiguous practices, limited positive effects, significant side-effects, high financial costs, significant time investment, unequal accessibility, and lack of transfer. The purpose of this thesis is to propose a novel way of integrating one of these techniques, neurofeedback, directly into a learning context in order to enhance cognitive performance and learning. This thesis provides the framework, empirical foundations, and supporting evidence for a highly efficient ‘closed-loop’ learning paradigm. By manipulating task difficulty based on a measure of cognitive load within a classic learning scenario (3-dimentional multiple object tracking) using real-time brain activity, results demonstrate that over 10 sessions, speed and degree of learning can be substantially improved compared with a classic learning system or an active sham-control group. Superior performance persists even once the feedback signal is removed, which suggests that the effects of enhanced training are consolidated and do not rely on continued feedback. Next, this thesis examines how these effects occur, exploring the neural correlates of the states of preparedness and performance across baseline and task conditions, further examining correlates related to trial results (correct/incorrect) and task difficulty (slow/medium/fast speeds). Cognitive preparedness, performance and load are measured using well-established relationships between real-time quantified brain activity as measured by quantitative electroencephalography. It is shown that the addition of neurofeedback-based task assistance based on peak alpha frequency is appropriate to task conditions and manages to influence cognitive load, keeping the subject in the zone of proximal development more often, facilitating learning and improving performance. This type of learning paradigm could contribute to overcoming at least one of the fundamental limitations of neurofeedback and other cognitive enhancement techniques : a lack of observable transfer effects, by utilizing a method that can be directly integrated into the context in which improved performance is sought

    Measuring cognitive load and cognition: metrics for technology-enhanced learning

    Get PDF
    This critical and reflective literature review examines international research published over the last decade to summarise the different kinds of measures that have been used to explore cognitive load and critiques the strengths and limitations of those focussed on the development of direct empirical approaches. Over the last 40 years, cognitive load theory has become established as one of the most successful and influential theoretical explanations of cognitive processing during learning. Despite this success, attempts to obtain direct objective measures of the theory's central theoretical construct – cognitive load – have proved elusive. This obstacle represents the most significant outstanding challenge for successfully embedding the theoretical and experimental work on cognitive load in empirical data from authentic learning situations. Progress to date on the theoretical and practical approaches to cognitive load are discussed along with the influences of individual differences on cognitive load in order to assess the prospects for the development and application of direct empirical measures of cognitive load especially in technology-rich contexts

    Connected at Sea: The Influence of the Internet and Online Communication on the Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Cruise Ship Employees.

    Get PDF
    This study aims to elucidate the idiosyncratic effects of the Internet and online communication on the well-being and life satisfaction of cruise ship employees. Cross-sectional surveys and covariance-based structural equation modelling tools were used. In addition, univariate variance analysis was used to address the effects of socio-demographic variables (years of service on a cruise ship, working department on a cruise ship, gender, age, educational level and place of residency) on latent variables of the conceptual model. The conceptual model draws on existing theory and previous research and was empirically tested on a sample of cruise ship employee internet users. Result show that while being onboard a cruise ship, employees experience strong social pressure to be constantly available and they fear of missing out on important information and life events. Thus, relatedness to friends and family needs satisfaction is of paramount importance for cruise ship employees because they are fully aware that they are dispensable and replaceable to cruise ship companies, however to their friends and family, they are indispensable and unique. Moreover, employees who engage in other tasks/activities while taking part in online communication with friends and family exhibit reduced performance, which leads to poor interaction and social dissatisfaction. Lastly, employees experiencing under-reciprocating exchanges show significant negative effects on their well-being. Overall, the results provided several important theoretical and practical implications relevant to cruise tourism and human resource management

    Towards a Video Consumer Leaning Spectrum: A Medium-Centric Approach

    Get PDF
    Purpose: As TV and digital video converge, there is a need to compare advertising effectiveness, advertising receptivity, and video consumption drivers in this new context. Considering the emerging viewing practices and underlying theories, this study examines the feasibility of the traditional notion of differentiating between lean-back (LB) and lean-forward (LF) media, and proposes a revised approach of addressing video consumption processes and associated advertising effectiveness implications. Methodology: An extensive, systematic literature review examines a total of 715 sources regarding current lean-back/lean-forward media research and alternative approaches as by (1) basic terminologies, (2) limitations of lean-back/lean-forward situations, (3) advertising effectiveness implications, (4) video-specific approaches. Findings/Contribution: Key differences between lean-back and lean-forward video consumption are presented. A conceptual integration of video ad receptivity/effectiveness drivers is proposed to guide future media and marketing research and practice. Video consumption today is no longer lean-back or lean-forward, but a “leaning spectrum” with two dimensions: leaning direction and leaning degree. Designing video content today requires focusing on consumption drivers and platform synergies for owning the “leaning spectrum”

    The effect of leads on cognitive load and learning in a conceptually rich hypertext environment

    Get PDF
    The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether leads affect cognitive load and learning from conceptually rich hypertext. Measures of cognitive load included self-report of mental effort, reading time, and event-related desynchronization percentage of alpha, beta, and theta brain wave rhythms. Conceptual and structural knowledge tests, as well as a recall measure were used to determine learning performance. Measures of learners\u27 reading ability, prior knowledge, and metacognitive awareness were employed to establish the effect of individual differences on cognitive load and learning from traditional and lead-augmented hypertext. Results demonstrated that while leads appeared to reduce brain wave activity associated with split attention, processing of redundant information contained in hypertext nodes may have increased extraneous cognitive load, and decreased germane load that is required for learning to take place. Whereas the benefits of leads relative to cognitive load and learning may have been mediated by the redundancy effect, learners with better developed metacognitive skills tended to use leads as a tool to review information in the linked nodes while revisiting content in the primary text passage. Limitations of the currently available cognitive load measures are discussed as applied to direct assessment of this theoretical construct

    Embedding mobile learning into everyday life settings

    Get PDF
    The increasing ubiquity of smartphones has changed the way we interact with information and acquire new knowledge. The prevalence of personal mobile devices in our everyday lives creates new opportunities for learning that exceed the narrow boundaries of a school’s classroom and provide the foundations for lifelong learning. Learning can now happen whenever and wherever we are; whether on the sofa at home, on the bus during our commute, or on a break at work. However, the flexibility offered by mobile learning also creates its challenges. Being able to learn anytime and anywhere does not necessarily result in learning uptake. Without the school environment’s controlled schedule and teacher guidance, the learners must actively initiate learning activities, keep up repetition schedules, and cope with learning in interruption-prone everyday environments. Both interruptions and infrequent repetition can harm the learning process and long-term memory retention. We argue that current mobile learning applications insufficiently support users in coping with these challenges. In this thesis, we explore how we can utilize the ubiquity of mobile devices to ensure frequent engagement with the content, focusing primarily on language learning and supporting users in dealing with learning breaks and interruptions. Following a user-centered design approach, we first analyzed mobile learning behavior in everyday settings. Based on our findings, we proposed concepts and designs, developed research prototypes, and evaluated them in laboratory and field evaluations with a specific focus on user experience. To better understand users’ learning behavior with mobile devices, we first characterized their interaction with mobile learning apps through a detailed survey and a diary study. Both methods confirmed the enormous diversity in usage situations and preferences. We observed that learning often happens unplanned, infrequently, among the company of friends or family, or while simultaneously performing secondary tasks such as watching TV or eating. The studies further uncovered a significant prevalence of interruptions in everyday settings that affected users’ learning behavior, often leading to suspension and termination of the learning activities. We derived design implications to support learning in diverse situations, particularly aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of multitasking and interruptions. The proposed strategies should help designers and developers create mobile learning applications that adapt to the opportunities and challenges of learning in everyday mobile settings. We explored four main challenges, emphasizing that (1) we need to consider that Learning in Everyday Settings is Diverse and Interruption-prone, (2) learning performance is affected by Irregular and Infrequent Practice Behavior, (3) we need to move From Static to Personalized Learning, and (4) that Interruptions and Long Learning Breaks can Negatively Affect Performance. To tackle these challenges, we propose to embed learning into everyday smartphone interactions, which could foster frequent engagement with – and implicitly personalize – learning content (according to users’ interests and skills). Further, we investigate how memory cues could be applied to support task resumption after interruptions in mobile learning. To confirm that our idea of embedding learning into everyday interactions can increase exposure, we developed an application integrating learning tasks into the smartphone authentication process. Since unlocking the smartphone is a frequently performed action without any other purpose, our subjects appreciated the idea of utilizing this process to perform quick and simple learning interactions. Evidence from a comparative user study showed that embedding learning tasks into the unlocking mechanism led to significantly more interactions with the learning content without impairing the learning quality. We further explored a method for embedding language comprehension assessment into users’ digital reading and listening activities. By applying physiological measurements as implicit input, we reliably detected unknown words during laboratory evaluations. Identifying such knowledge gaps could be used for the provision of in-situ support and to inform the generation of personalized language learning content tailored to users’ interests and proficiency levels. To investigate memory cueing as a concept to support task resumption after interruptions, we complemented a theoretical literature analysis of existing applications with two research probes implementing and evaluating promising design concepts. We showed that displaying memory cues when the user resumes the learning activity after an interruption improves their subjective user experience. A subsequent study presented an outlook on the generalizability of memory cues beyond the narrow use case of language learning. We observed that the helpfulness of memory cues for reflecting on prior learning is highly dependent on the design of the cues, particularly the granularity of the presented information. We consider interactive cues for specific memory reactivation (e.g., through multiple-choice questions) a promising scaffolding concept for connecting individual micro-learning sessions when learning in everyday settings. The tools and applications described in this thesis are a starting point for designing applications that support learning in everyday settings. We broaden the understanding of learning behavior and highlight the impact of interruptions in our busy everyday lives. While this thesis focuses mainly on language learning, the concepts and methods have the potential to be generalized to other domains, such as STEM learning. We reflect on the limitations of the presented concepts and outline future research perspectives that utilize the ubiquity of mobile devices to design mobile learning interactions for everyday settings.Die AllgegenwĂ€rtigkeit von Smartphones verĂ€ndert die Art und Weise wie wir mit Informationen umgehen und Wissen erwerben. Die weite Verbreitung von mobilen EndgerĂ€ten in unserem tĂ€glichen Leben fĂŒhrt zu neuen Möglichkeiten des Lernens, welche ĂŒber die engen Grenzen eines Klassenraumes hinausreichen und das Fundament fĂŒr lebenslanges Lernen schaffen. Lernen kann nun zu jeder Zeit und an jedem Ort stattfinden: auf dem Sofa Zuhause, im Bus wĂ€hrend des Pendelns oder in der Pause auf der Arbeit. Die FlexibilitĂ€t des mobilen Lernens geht jedoch zeitgleich mit Herausforderungen einher. Ohne den kontrollierten Ablaufplan und die UnterstĂŒtzung der Lehrpersonen im schulischen Umfeld sind die Lernenden selbst dafĂŒr verantwortlich, aktiv Lernsitzungen zu initiieren, Wiederholungszyklen einzuhalten und Lektionen in unterbrechungsanfĂ€lligen Alltagssituationen zu meistern. Sowohl Unterbrechungen als auch unregelmĂ€ĂŸige Wiederholung von Inhalten können den Lernprozess behindern und der Langzeitspeicherung der Informationen schaden. Wir behaupten, dass aktuelle mobile Lernanwendungen die Nutzer*innen nur unzureichend in diesen Herausforderungen unterstĂŒtzen. In dieser Arbeit erforschen wir, wie wir uns die AllgegenwĂ€rtigkeit mobiler EndgerĂ€te zunutze machen können, um zu erreichen, dass Nutzer*innen regelmĂ€ĂŸig mit den Lerninhalten interagieren. Wir fokussieren uns darauf, sie im Umgang mit Unterbrechungen und Lernpausen zu unterstĂŒtzen. In einem nutzerzentrierten Designprozess analysieren wir zunĂ€chst das Lernverhalten auf mobilen EndgerĂ€ten in alltĂ€glichen Situationen. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen schlagen wir Konzepte und Designs vor, entwickeln Forschungsprototypen und werten diese in Labor- und Feldstudien mit Fokus auf User Experience (wörtl. “Nutzererfahrung”) aus. Um das Lernverhalten von Nutzer*innen mit mobilen EndgerĂ€ten besser zu verstehen, versuchen wir zuerst die Interaktionen mit mobilen Lernanwendungen durch eine detaillierte Umfrage und eine Tagebuchstudie zu charakterisieren. Beide Methoden bestĂ€tigen eine enorme Vielfalt von Nutzungssituationen und -prĂ€ferenzen. Wir beobachten, dass Lernen oft ungeplant, unregelmĂ€ĂŸig, im Beisein von Freunden oder Familie, oder wĂ€hrend der AusĂŒbung anderer TĂ€tigkeiten, beispielsweise Fernsehen oder Essen, stattfindet. Die Studien decken zudem Unterbrechungen in Alltagssituationen auf, welche das Lernverhalten der Nutzer*innen beeinflussen und oft zum Aussetzen oder Beenden der LernaktivitĂ€t fĂŒhren. Wir leiten Implikationen ab, um Lernen in vielfĂ€ltigen Situationen zu unterstĂŒtzen und besonders die negativen EinflĂŒsse von Multitasking und Unterbrechungen abzuschwĂ€chen. Die vorgeschlagenen Strategien sollen Designer*innen und Entwickler*innen helfen, mobile Lernanwendungen zu erstellen, welche sich den Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen von Lernen in Alltagssituationen anpassen. Wir haben vier zentrale Herausforderungen identifiziert: (1) Lernen in Alltagssituationen ist divers und anfĂ€llig fĂŒr Unterbrechungen; (2) Die Lerneffizienz wird durch unregelmĂ€ĂŸiges Wiederholungsverhalten beeinflusst; (3) Wir mĂŒssen von statischem zu personalisiertem Lernen ĂŒbergehen; (4) Unterbrechungen und lange Lernpausen können dem Lernen schaden. Um diese Herausforderungen anzugehen, schlagen wir vor, Lernen in alltĂ€gliche Smartphoneinteraktionen einzubetten. Dies fĂŒhrt zu einer vermehrten BeschĂ€ftigung mit Lerninhalten und könnte zu einer impliziten Personalisierung von diesen anhand der Interessen und FĂ€higkeiten der Nutzer*innen beitragen. Zudem untersuchen wir, wie Memory Cues (wörtl. “GedĂ€chtnishinweise”) genutzt werden können, um das Fortsetzen von Aufgaben nach Unterbrechungen im mobilen Lernen zu erleichtern. Um zu zeigen, dass unsere Idee des Einbettens von Lernaufgaben in alltĂ€gliche Interaktionen wirklich die BeschĂ€ftigung mit diesen erhöht, haben wir eine Anwendung entwickelt, welche Lernaufgaben in den Entsperrprozess von Smartphones integriert. Da die Authentifizierung auf dem MobilgerĂ€t eine hĂ€ufig durchgefĂŒhrte Aktion ist, welche keinen weiteren Mehrwert bietet, begrĂŒĂŸten unsere Studienteilnehmenden die Idee, den Prozess fĂŒr die DurchfĂŒhrung kurzer und einfacher Lerninteraktionen zu nutzen. Ergebnisse aus einer vergleichenden Nutzerstudie haben gezeigt, dass die Einbettung von Aufgaben in den Entsperrprozess zu signifikant mehr Interaktionen mit den Lerninhalten fĂŒhrt, ohne dass die LernqualitĂ€t beeintrĂ€chtigt wird. Wir haben außerdem eine Methode untersucht, welche die Messung von SprachverstĂ€ndnis in die digitalen Lese- und HöraktivitĂ€ten der Nutzer*innen einbettet. Mittels physiologischer Messungen als implizite Eingabe können wir in Laborstudien zuverlĂ€ssig unbekannte Wörter erkennen. Die Aufdeckung solcher WissenslĂŒcken kann genutzt werden, um in-situ UntestĂŒtzung bereitzustellen und um personalisierte Lerninhalte zu generieren, welche auf die Interessen und das Wissensniveau der Nutzer*innen zugeschnitten sind. Um Memory Cues als Konzept fĂŒr die UnterstĂŒtzung der Aufgabenfortsetzung nach Unterbrechungen zu untersuchen, haben wir eine theoretische Literaturanalyse von bestehenden Anwendungen um zwei Forschungsarbeiten erweitert, welche vielversprechende Designkonzepte umsetzen und evaluieren. Wir haben gezeigt, dass die PrĂ€sentation von Memory Cues die subjektive User Experience verbessert, wenn der Nutzer die LernaktivitĂ€t nach einer Unterbrechung fortsetzt. Eine Folgestudie stellt einen Ausblick auf die Generalisierbarkeit von Memory Cues dar, welcher ĂŒber den Tellerrand des Anwendungsfalls Sprachenlernen hinausschaut. Wir haben beobachtet, dass der Nutzen von Memory Cues fĂŒr das Reflektieren ĂŒber gelernte Inhalte stark von dem Design der Cues abhĂ€ngt, insbesondere von der GranularitĂ€t der prĂ€sentierten Informationen. Wir schĂ€tzen interaktive Cues zur spezifischen GedĂ€chtnisaktivierung (z.B. durch Mehrfachauswahlfragen) als einen vielversprechenden UnterstĂŒtzungsansatz ein, welcher individuelle Mikrolerneinheiten im Alltag verknĂŒpfen könnte. Die Werkzeuge und Anwendungen, die in dieser Arbeit beschrieben werden, sind ein Startpunkt fĂŒr das Design von Anwendungen, welche das Lernen in Alltagssituationen unterstĂŒtzen. Wir erweitern das VerstĂ€ndnis, welches wir von Lernverhalten im geschĂ€ftigen Alltagsleben haben und heben den Einfluss von Unterbrechungen in diesem hervor. WĂ€hrend sich diese Arbeit hauptsĂ€chlich auf das Lernen von Sprachen fokussiert, haben die vorgestellten Konzepte und Methoden das Potential auf andere Bereiche ĂŒbertragen zu werden, beispielsweise das Lernen von MINT Themen. Wir reflektieren ĂŒber die Grenzen der prĂ€sentierten Konzepte und skizzieren Perspektiven fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige Forschungsarbeiten, welche sich die AllgegenwĂ€rtigkeit von mobilen EndgerĂ€ten zur Gestaltung von Lernanwendungen fĂŒr den Alltag zunutze machen

    Nursing Documentation Environment in the Hospital Setting

    Get PDF
    Nurses often document in open nurses’ stations exposed to frequent interruptions. Much has been written on the need to limit distractions while collecting and administering medications but little has been published on the effects interruptions have on nursing documentation. The purpose of this study was to examine the environment in which nurses chart and to gather their perceptions of the documentation environment. Marilyn Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring was the guiding framework for this study. A review of the literature revealed the effects open work spaces, noise, and interruptions can have on work performance. This study, a focus group discussion, involved seven nurses who worked, or have worked, in medical-surgical nursing. Results of the discussion revealed nurses are displeased with the noise and interruptions in their charting environments. Additionally, they feel that nursing leadership should provide a charting environment that is more compatible to timely and accurate documentation
    • 

    corecore