Tartu Ülikooli usuteaduskonna ristiusu arheoloogia kabinet 1921-1940. The Cabinet of Christian Archaeology of the University of Tartu Department of Theology 1921-1940

The Cabinet (Museum) of Christian Archaeology, a study cabinet, existed at the University of Tartu Department of Theology Chair of Historical Theology from 1921 to 1940. It emerged from the Collection of Biblical and Christian Articles established in the 1870s. From 1921 to 1940 the Cabinet was led by Olaf Sild, Professor of the Chair of Historical Theology. Siegfried Aaslava, Kristjan Valdmann, Villem Uuspuu worked as assistants in the Cabinet during this period.Until 1926 the Cabinet was situated in the hall of the Theological Seminary on the 3rd floor of the University main building. In 1926 three rooms were obtained in the building at Lai Street 36.The Cabinet of Christian Archaeology had its own library and compiled collections of old articles from churches and historical sources. The inventory of the Cabinet (models, pictures, manuscripts, photos, photocopies, stereotypes, gravestones, baptismal bowls etc.) was used for illustrating lectures. Practical courses about church history, Christian archaeology, historical Christian art, palaeography, etc. were held. Students received training about registering church monuments and their scientific handling. Archaeological excavations were performed.Students compiled reports and wrote research papers about Estonian church history. The archival materials of the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Consistory deposited in the Central State Archive were used as sources. Data about visitation protocols and church chronicles found in parishes were collected.Sild, the Director of the Cabinet, wanted to make a list of all Estonian parochial church archives. His further aim was to collect data about the church history of the whole area of Estonia.During the years 1926–1940 the Cabinet registered church monuments together with the members of the Academic Society of Theologians. Altogether over 30 papers about different Estonian churches were written. Certain instructions were followed for registration. The papers were composed on the basis of corresponding questionnaires. The church archive and inventory lists were checked in the course of registration. The details of exterior and interior design, building materials, time of construction and other important data about church buildings were recorded. Drawings, copies and photos were made. Especial attention was given to the inscriptions on churches, chapels, monuments, gravestones—these were copied. The types of crosses were recorded in the form of drawings.The orientation of churches and chapels in relation to cardinal points was measured.Collecting old church articles to the museum established by Professor Sild, researching and registering church monuments included heritage protection work. Thereby, the cultural value of these articles and buildings was more widely introduced.The Christian Archaeology Cabinet was closed on 31 August 1940 in connection to the liquidation of the Faculty of Theology. The collections of the Cabinet had to be handed over to other institutions of the University.Most of the belongings of the Cabinet of Christian Archaeology were destroyed in the course of the war in 1944. Some materials that were preserved can be found in the Estonian Historical Archives, University of Tartu Library, University of Tartu Art Museum, University of Tartu Museum

Akadeemilise Ajalooseltsi tegevusest aastail 1920-8

The Estonian-language University of Tartu, which opened in the late autumn of 1919, was to become both the educational temple of Estonia and its main research centre. To confirm this principle, the University of Tartu Act adopted in 1925 explicitly prescribed that the task of the University, in addition to providing higher education, was also to promote scholarship in general, especially in regard to Estonian life, and to bring science closer to the people. In addition to the University’s various research institutions, academic societies operating at the university also played a vital role in promoting that ‘scholarship in general, especially in regard to Estonian life’. In total, thirty-seven academic societies were founded at the University of Tartu between 1920 and 1939. Of these, the most important in terms of scholarly activity were the Academic Historical Society (1920), the Academic Mother Tongue Society (1920), the Academic Agricultural Society (1920), the Academic Society of Religious Studies (1921), the Academic Forestry Society (1921), the Academic Veterinary Society (1922), the Academic Medical Society (1922), the Academic Philosophical Society (1922), the Academic Chemistry Society (1923), the Academic Economics Society (1923), the Academic Law Society (1924), the Academic Literary Society (1924), the Academic Herbal Science Society (1924), the Academic Folklore Society (1925), and the Academic Mathematics Society (1926). In addition to the above, it is also necessary to mention the scientific organisations that had already previously been operating in connection with the University – especially the Learned Estonian Society (1838), the Estonian Naturalists’ Society (1853), and the Estonian Literary Society (1907). This article focuses on the activities of the Academic Historical Society, which was founded at the initiative of Arno Rafael Cederberg, in the years 1920–28, and on its goals and achievements in the context of the development of Estonian historical science. Cederberg was not convinced that the foundation of Estonian historical science could be based only on research conducted at the university. As such, he decided to found the first Estonian Academic Historical Society right after his arrival in Tartu in the early 1920s. While the primary goal of this society was to get students interested in history, particularly Estonian history, the society quickly developed into the centre of Estonian historical science. He started hosting conferences where young Estonian historians and students, as well as experienced scholars, were able to present their research. In 1922, the Society began awarding a scholarship each year to 5–10 students so they could spend the summer holiday in particular regions gathering oral reports from the local population. This method was used to catalogue all of Estonia within a decade. In 1922, the Academic Historical Society started publishing Estonia’s first reputable historical scholarly journal called The Estonian Historical Journal. The journal was published every quarter and consisted of schol-arly articles, significant archaeological finds, profiles of outstanding Finn-ish and Scandinavian historians, general discussions on theoretical ques-tions, and reviews of research papers and publications. Cederberg also helped coordinate several important tasks for the fur-ther development of Estonian historical science. Starting in the mid-1920s, The Estonian Historical Bibliography and The Estonian Biographical Lexicon were released under the aegis of the Academic Historical Society, along with a series of editions and source publications. Cederberg also led the extensive work of writing The Estonian National History, starting at the end of the 1920s. Just like the organisation of the archives of the Republic of Estonia and the development of the Estonian and Nordic history study program at the national university, the Academic Historical Society, founded at Ceder-berg’s initiative, and its various publications were of decisive importance in the coordination and development of Estonian history.The Estonian-language University of Tartu, which opened in the late autumn of 1919, was to become both the educational temple of Estonia and its main research centre. To confirm this principle, the University of Tartu Act adopted in 1925 explicitly prescribed that the task of the University, in addition to providing higher education, was also to promote scholarship in general, especially in regard to Estonian life, and to bring science closer to the people. In addition to the University’s various research institutions, academic societies operating at the university also played a vital role in promoting that ‘scholarship in general, especially in regard to Estonian life’. In total, thirty-seven academic societies were founded at the University of Tartu between 1920 and 1939. Of these, the most important in terms of scholarly activity were the Academic Historical Society (1920), the Academic Mother Tongue Society (1920), the Academic Agricultural Society (1920), the Academic Society of Religious Studies (1921), the Academic Forestry Society (1921), the Academic Veterinary Society (1922), the Academic Medical Society (1922), the Academic Philosophical Society (1922), the Academic Chemistry Society (1923), the Academic Economics Society (1923), the Academic Law Society (1924), the Academic Literary Society (1924), the Academic Herbal Science Society (1924), the Academic Folklore Society (1925), and the Academic Mathematics Society (1926). In addition to the above, it is also necessary to mention the scientific organisations that had already previously been operating in connection with the University – especially the Learned Estonian Society (1838), the Estonian Naturalists’ Society (1853), and the Estonian Literary Society (1907). This article focuses on the activities of the Academic Historical Society, which was founded at the initiative of Arno Rafael Cederberg, in the years 1920–28, and on its goals and achievements in the context of the development of Estonian historical science. Cederberg was not convinced that the foundation of Estonian historical science could be based only on research conducted at the university. As such, he decided to found the first Estonian Academic Historical Society right after his arrival in Tartu in the early 1920s. While the primary goal of this society was to get students interested in history, particularly Estonian history, the society quickly developed into the centre of Estonian historical science. He started hosting conferences where young Estonian historians and students, as well as experienced scholars, were able to present their research. In 1922, the Society began awarding a scholarship each year to 5–10 students so they could spend the summer holiday in particular regions gathering oral reports from the local population. This method was used to catalogue all of Estonia within a decade. In 1922, the Academic Historical Society started publishing Estonia’s first reputable historical scholarly journal called The Estonian Historical Journal. The journal was published every quarter and consisted of schol-arly articles, significant archaeological finds, profiles of outstanding Finn-ish and Scandinavian historians, general discussions on theoretical ques-tions, and reviews of research papers and publications. Cederberg also helped coordinate several important tasks for the fur-ther development of Estonian historical science. Starting in the mid-1920s, The Estonian Historical Bibliography and The Estonian Biographical Lexicon were released under the aegis of the Academic Historical Society, along with a series of editions and source publications. Cederberg also led the extensive work of writing The Estonian National History, starting at the end of the 1920s. Just like the organisation of the archives of the Republic of Estonia and the development of the Estonian and Nordic history study program at the national university, the Academic Historical Society, founded at Ceder-berg’s initiative, and its various publications were of decisive importance in the coordination and development of Estonian history

Professor õppekeele vahetuse situatsioonis: Jevgeni Shmurlo Tartu ülikoolis 1891-1903

A Professor during the Change of the Languageof Instruction: J. F. Shmurlo at the University ofTartu in 1891–1903Ljudmila DubjevaUniversity of Tartu LibraryIn the context of the late 19th century university reform and the transitionfrom German-medium instruction to Russian-medium instruction(officially in 1893) the lecturing staff at the University of Tartuwas gradually replaced. The lecturers at the faculty of history and linguisticschair of history were gradually replaced within ten years, andthe chair adopted Russian-medium instruction; as of 1891 AleksanderBrückner, Professor of Russian history, was replaced with ProfessorYevgeni Shmurlo (1853–1934, in Tartu 1891–1903); Richard Hausmann,Professor of general history (Middle Ages), with Professor AntonJassinski (1864–1933, in Tartu 1896–1911) in 1896; and Professorof general history (Modern age) Otto Waltz with Professor Pavel Ardashev(1865–1924, in Tartu 1901–1903) as late as in 1901.Before coming to Tartu, Shmurlo had been a private associate professorat the University of St Petersburg, focusing mainly on the ageof Peter I in his lectures, while he also taught at the women’s coursesat St Petersburg. In the years 1891–1895 he was a Professor Extraordinarius and in 1895–1903 the replacement of a Professor in Ordinary at the University of Tartu. As a historian, he discovered Italianarchives for Russian history, and received the title doctor honoriscausa from the University of Padua in 1892 for this.Shmurlo began his activities when the University still used Germanas the medium of instruction. Shmurlo’s predecessor, Professorof Russian history Aleksander Brückner (worked at the Universityof Tartu in 1872–1891) held lectures on Russian history in Russianbut provided explanations and held seminars in German. In caseof Russian history, the language of instruction in lectures was notchanged at all but when Shmurlo started work, seminars were alsoheld in Russian. While his lectures were attended by 14 people in1891, autumn semester, 9 of those had been attending A. Brückner’slectures in the spring semester of the same year. As of 1897, whenthe authorities allowed accepting the alumni of I rank theologicalseminaries into the University, the student body increased, it startedto include students of various nationalities, while Russian studentsbecame the majority group.In 1895–1900 Shmurlo was the head of the University of TartuLibrary. Proceeding from the practical needs of the reformed University,a student library (sources and reference books, a sufficient numberof copies) was created upon his initiative; this served Humaniorastudents until 2005 in only a slightly different format.Around the turn of the century, the professors at the University ofTartu were divided into camps: Germans and Russians, liberals andconservatives, whereas the Russian liberals could more easily findcommon grounds with the Germans than the conservatives of theirnationality. Shmurlo was one of the liberals. Owing to his delicatewording, which emphasised only literary achievements and left religiousand philosophical questions aside, Leo Tolstoy was successfullyelected an Honorary Doctor of the University of Tartu in 1902.Shmurlo’s example proves that Russian was used, when necessary,at the University of Tartu even before the transition to Russian-medium instruction, whereas a delicate and intelligent professorcould smooth the contradictions between German and Russianprofessors and their differing world views, so that the relations wouldstay on strictly academic grounds

Urban Design for Mussolini, Stalin, Salazar, Hitler and Franco During the Interwar Period

Urban design played a central role for the European dictatorships during the 20th century, it served to legitimate the regime, to produce agreement, to demonstrate power, efficiency and speed, it communicated the social, as well as design projects, of the dictatorial regimes domestically and internationally, it tied old experts, as well as new, to the regime. Dictatorial urban design also played an important role after the fall of the dictatorships: It became the object of structural and verbal handling strategies: of demolition, of transformation, of reconstruction, of forgetting, of suppressing, of re-interpretation and of glorification. The topic area is, therefore, both historical and relevant to the present day. The discussion of the topic area is, like it or not, always embedded in the present state of societal engagement with dictatorships. In order to even be able to discuss all of these aspects, different conceptual decisions are necessary. In retrospect, these may seem to many as self-evident, although they are anything but. Our thesis is that there are three methodological imperatives, especially, which allow an expanded approach to the topic area “urban design and dictatorship”. First and above all, the tunnel view, focused on individual dictatorships and neglecting the international dimension, must be overcome. Second, the differences in urban design over the course of a dictatorship, through an appropriate periodisation, should be emphasised. Third, we must strive for an open, flexible, but complex concept of urban design. The main focus lies on the urban design of the most influential dictatorships of the first half of the 20th century: Soviet Union, Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, including the urban design of the autarky periods in Portugal and Spain. After all, urban design is not just a product of specific historic circumstances. It is a form that continues to have long-term effects, which demonstrates its usefulness and adaptability throughout this process. The urban design products undoubtedly still recall the dictatorial rule under which they were created. However, they are more than a memory space. They are also a living space of the present. They can and should be discussed with respect to their spatial and functional utility for today and tomorrow. Such a perspective is a given for the citizens of a city, but also for city marketing, having marvellous consequences. Only when we do not exclude this dimension a priori, even in academic discussions, can we do justice to the products of dictatorships. And finally, the view of the urban design of dictatorships can and must contribute to the questioning of simplified and naive conceptions of dictatorships. With urban design in mind, we can observe how dictatorships work and how they were able to prevail. In Europe, these questions are of the highest actuality

Uluots, Jüri. Isikuarhiiv

57 säilikutI Jüri Uluotsa biograafilised materjalid, s.1-7. II Jüri Uluotsa tegevus seadusandlikes organites. 1. J. Uluotsa tegevus seoses tsiviilseadustega, s.8-21. 2. Seadustekstid pankrotiõigusest, s.22-26. 3. J. Uluotsa tegevus seoses EV Põhiseadusega, s.27-32. III Jüri Uluotsa teadustööd, s.33-34. IV Jüri Uluotsa õppetöö Tartu ülikoolis, s.35-40. V Hiljem lisanudnud materjalid, s. 41-57http://www.ester.ee/record=b3556904*es