116 research outputs found

    A dynamic graph optimization framework for multihop device-to-device communication underlaying cellular networks

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    With emerging demands for local area and popular content sharing services, multihop device-to-device communication is conceived as a vital component of next-generation cellular networks to improve spectral reuse, bring hop gains, and enhance system capacity. Ripening these benefits depends on fundamentally understanding its potential performance impacts and efficiently solving several main technical problems. Aiming to establish a new paradigm for the analysis and design of multihop D2D communications, in this article, we propose a dynamic graph optimization framework that enables the modeling of large-scale systems with multiple D2D pairs and node mobility patterns. By inherently modeling the main technological problems for multihop D2D communications, this framework benefits investigation of theoretical performance limits and studying the optimal system design. Furthermore, these achievable benefits are demonstrated by examples of simulations under a realistic multihop D2D communication underlaying cellular network

    Recent Advances in Cellular D2D Communications

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    Device-to-device (D2D) communications have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in recent years. It is a promising technique for offloading local traffic from cellular base stations by allowing local devices, in physical proximity, to communicate directly with each other. Furthermore, through relaying, D2D is also a promising approach to enhancing service coverage at cell edges or in black spots. However, there are many challenges to realizing the full benefits of D2D. For one, minimizing the interference between legacy cellular and D2D users operating in underlay mode is still an active research issue. With the 5th generation (5G) communication systems expected to be the main data carrier for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm, the potential role of D2D and its scalability to support massive IoT devices and their machine-centric (as opposed to human-centric) communications need to be investigated. New challenges have also arisen from new enabling technologies for D2D communications, such as non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and blockchain technologies, which call for new solutions to be proposed. This edited book presents a collection of ten chapters, including one review and nine original research works on addressing many of the aforementioned challenges and beyond

    Radio resource allocation for overlay D2D-based vehicular communications in future wireless networks

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    Mobilfunknetze der nĂ€chsten Generation ermöglichen einen weitverbreiteten Einsatz von Device-to-Device Kommunikation, der direkten Kommunikation zwischen zellularen EndgerĂ€ten. FĂŒr viele AnwendungsfĂ€lle zur direkten Kommunikation zwischen EndgerĂ€ten sind eine deterministische Latenz und die hohe ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit von zentraler Bedeutung. Dienste zur direkten Kommunikation (D2D) fĂŒr in der NĂ€he befindliche EndgerĂ€te sind vielversprechend die hohen Anforderungen an Latenz und ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige vertikale Anwendungen zu erfĂŒllen. Eine der herausragenden vertikalen Anwendungen ist die Fahrzeugkommunikation, bei der die Fahrzeuge sicherheitskritische Meldungen direkt ĂŒber D2D-Kommunikation austauschen, die dadurch zur Reduktion von VerkehrsunfĂ€llen und gleichzeitig von TodesfĂ€llen im Straßenverkehrt beitrĂ€gt. Neue Techniken zur effizienteren Zuweisung von Funkressourcen in der D2D-Kommunikation haben in letzter Zeit in Industrie und Wissenschaft große Aufmerksamkeit erlangt. ZusĂ€tzlich zur Allokation von Ressourcen, wird die Energieeffizienz zunehmend wichtiger, die normalerweise im Zusammenhang mit der Ressourcenallokation behandelt wird. Diese Dissertation untersucht verschiedener AnsĂ€tze der Funkressourcenzuweisung und Energieeffizienztechniken in der LTE und NR V2X Kommunikation. Im Folgenden beschreiben wir kurz die Kernideen der Dissertation. Meist zeichnen sich D2D-Anwendungen durch ein relativ geringes Datenvolumen aus, die ĂŒber Funkressourcen ĂŒbertragen werden. In LTE können diese Funkressourcen aufgrund der groben GranularitĂ€t fĂŒr die Ressourcenzuweisung nicht effizient genutzt werden. Insbesondere beim semi-persistenten Scheduling, bei dem eine Funkressource ĂŒber einen lĂ€ngeren Zeitraum im Overlay D2D festgelegt wird, sind die Funkressourcen fĂŒr solche Anwendungen nicht ausgelastet. Um dieses Problem zu lösen, wird eine hierarchische Form fĂŒr das Management der Funkressourcen, ein sogenanntes Subgranting-Schema, vorgeschlagen. Dabei kann ein nahegelegener zellularer Nutzer, der sogenannte begĂŒnstigte Nutzer, ungenutzten Funkressourcen, die durch Subgranting-Signalisierung angezeigt werden, wiederzuverwenden. Das vorgeschlagene Schema wird bewertet und mit "shortening TTI", einen Schema mit reduzierten Sendezeitintervallen, in Bezug auf den Zellendurchsatz verglichen. Als nĂ€chster Schritt wird untersucht, wie der begĂŒnstigten Benutzer ausgewĂ€hlt werden kann und als Maximierungsproblem des Zellendurchsatzes im Uplink unter BerĂŒcksichtigung von ZuverlĂ€ssigkeits- und Latenzanforderungen dargestellt. DafĂŒr wird ein heuristischer zentralisierter, d.h. dedizierter Sub-Granting-Radio-Ressource DSGRR-Algorithmus vorgeschlagen. Die Simulationsergebnisse und die Analyse ergeben in einem Szenario mit stationĂ€ren Nutzern eine Erhöhung des Zelldurchsatzes bei dem Einsatz des vorgeschlagenen DSGRR-Algorithmus im Vergleich zu einer zufĂ€lligen Auswahl von Nutzern. ZusĂ€tzlich wird das Problem der Auswahl des begĂŒnstigten Nutzers in einem dynamischen Szenario untersucht, in dem sich alle Nutzer bewegen. Wir bewerten den durch das Sub-Granting durch die MobilitĂ€t entstandenen Signalisierungs-Overhead im DSGRR. Anschließend wird ein verteilter Heuristik-Algorithmus (OSGRR) vorgeschlagen und sowohl mit den Ergebnissen des DSGRR-Algorithmus als auch mit den Ergebnissen ohne Sub-Granting verglichen. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen einen verbesserten Zellendurchsatz fĂŒr den OSGRR im Vergleich zu den anderen Algorithmen. Außerdem ist zu beobachten, dass der durch den OSGRR entstehende Overhead geringer ist als der durch den DSGRR, wĂ€hrend der erreichte Zellendurchsatz nahe am maximal erreichbaren Uplink-Zellendurchsatz liegt. ZusĂ€tzlich wird die Ressourcenallokation im Zusammenhang mit der Energieeffizienz bei autonomer Ressourcenauswahl in New Radio (NR) Mode 2 untersucht. Die autonome Auswahl der Ressourcen wird als VerhĂ€ltnis von Summenrate und Energieverbrauch formuliert. Das Ziel ist den Stromverbrauch der akkubetriebenen EndgerĂ€te unter BerĂŒcksichtigung der geforderten ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit und Latenz zu minimieren. Der heuristische Algorithmus "Density of Traffic-based Resource Allocation (DeTRA)" wird als Lösung vorgeschlagen. Bei dem vorgeschlagenen Algorithmus wird der Ressourcenpool in AbhĂ€ngigkeit von der Verkehrsdichte pro Verkehrsart aufgeteilt. Die zufĂ€llige Auswahl erfolgt zwingend auf dem dedizierten Ressourcenpool beim Eintreffen aperiodischer Daten. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass der vorgeschlagene Algorithmus die gleichen Ergebnisse fĂŒr die Paketempfangsrate (PRR) erreicht, wie der sensing-basierte Algorithmus. ZusĂ€tzlich wird der Stromverbrauch des EndgerĂ€ts reduziert und damit die Energieeffizienz durch die Anwendung des DeTRA-Algorithmus verbessert. In dieser Arbeit werden Techniken zur Allokation von Funkressourcen in der LTE-basierten D2D-Kommunikation erforscht und eingesetzt, mit dem Ziel Funkressourcen effizienter zu nutzen. DarĂŒber hinaus ist der in dieser Arbeit vorgestellte Ansatz eine Basis fĂŒr zukĂŒnftige Untersuchungen, wie akkubasierte EndgerĂ€te mit minimalem Stromverbrauch in der NR-V2X-Kommunikation Funkressourcen optimal auswĂ€hlen können.Next-generation cellular networks are envisioned to enable widely Device-to-Device (D2D) communication. For many applications in the D2D domain, deterministic communication latency and high reliability are of exceptionally high importance. The proximity service provided by D2D communication is a promising feature that can fulfil the reliability and latency requirements of emerging vertical applications. One of the prominent vertical applications is vehicular communication, in which the vehicles disseminate safety messages directly through D2D communication, resulting in the fatality rate reduction due to a possible collision. Radio resource allocation techniques in D2D communication have recently gained much attention in industry and academia, through which valuable radio resources are allocated more efficiently. In addition to the resource allocation techniques, energy sustainability is highly important and is usually considered in conjunction with the resource allocation approach. This dissertation is dedicated to studying different avenues of the radio resource allocation and energy efficiency techniques in Long Term Evolution (LTE) and New Radio (NR) Vehicle-to-Everythings (V2X) communications. In the following, we briefly describe the core ideas in this study. Mostly, the D2D applications are characterized by relatively small traffic payload size, and in LTE, due to coarse granularity of the subframe, the radio resources can not be utilized efficiently. Particularly, in the case of semi-persistent scheduling when a radio resource is scheduled for a longer time in the overlay D2D, the radio resources are underutilized for such applications. To address this problem, a hierarchical radio resource management scheme, i.e., a sub-granting scheme, is proposed by which nearby cellular users, i.e., beneficiary users, are allowed to reuse the unused radio resource indicated by sub-granting signaling. The proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with shortening Transmission Time Interval (TTI) schemes in terms of cell throughput. Then, the beneficiary user selection problem is investigated and is cast as a maximization problem of uplink cell throughput subject to reliability and latency requirements. A heuristic centralized, i.e., dedicated sub-granting radio resource Dedicated Sub-Granting Radio Resource (DSGRR) algorithm is proposed to address the original beneficiary user selection problem. The simulation results and analysis show the superiority of the proposed DSGRR algorithm over the random beneficiary user selection algorithm in terms of the cell throughput in a scenario with stationary users. Further, the beneficiary user selection problem is investigated in a scenario where all users are moving in a dynamic environment. We evaluate the sub-granting signaling overhead due to mobility in the DSGRR, and then a distributed heuristics algorithm, i.e., Open Sub-Granting Radio Resource (OSGRR), is proposed and compared with the DSGRR algorithm and no sub-granting case. Simulation results show improved cell throughput for the OSGRR compared with other algorithms. Besides, it is observed that the overhead incurred by the OSGRR is less than the DSGRR while the achieved cell throughput is yet close to the maximum achievable uplink cell throughput. Also, joint resource allocation and energy efficiency in autonomous resource selection in NR, i.e. Mode 2, is examined. The autonomous resource selection is formulated as a ratio of sum-rate and energy consumption. The objective is to minimize the energy efficiency of the power-saving users subject to reliability and latency requirements. A heuristic algorithm, density of traffic-based resource allocation (DeTRA), is proposed to solve the problem. The proposed algorithm splits the resource pool based on the traffic density per traffic type. The random selection is then mandated to be performed on the dedicated resource pool upon arrival of the aperiodic traffic is triggered. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves the same packet reception ratio (PRR) value as the sensing-based algorithm. In addition, per-user power consumption is reduced, and consequently, the energy efficiency is improved by applying the DeTRA algorithm. The research in this study leverages radio resource allocation techniques in LTE based D2D communications to be utilized radio resources more efficiently. In addition, the conducted research paves a way to study further how the power-saving users would optimally select the radio resources with minimum energy consumption in NR V2X communications

    Open sub-granting radio resources in overlay D2D-based V2V communications

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    Capacity, reliability, and latency are seen as key requirements of new emerging applications, namely vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and machine-type communication in future cellular networks. D2D communication is envisaged to be the enabler to accomplish the requirements for the applications as mentioned earlier. Due to the scarcity of radio resources, a hierarchical radio resource allocation, namely the sub-granting scheme, has been considered for the overlay D2D communication. In this paper, we investigate the assignment of underutilized radio resources from D2D communication to device-to-infrastructure communication, which are moving in a dynamic environment. The sub-granting assignment problem is cast as a maximization problem of the uplink cell throughput. Firstly, we evaluate the sub-granting signaling overhead due to mobility in a centralized sub-granting resource algorithm, dedicated sub-granting radio resource (DSGRR), and then a distributed heuristics algorithm, open sub-granting radio resource (OSGRR), is proposed and compared with the DSGRR algorithm and no sub-granting case. Simulation results show improved cell throughput for the OSGRR compared with other algorithms. Besides, it is observed that the overhead incurred by the OSGRR is less than the DSGRR while the achieved cell throughput is yet close to the maximum achievable uplink cell throughput

    Performance evaluation of TCP-based traffic over direct communications in LTE-Advanced

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    Direct (or device-to-device, D2D) communications are being investigated in the framework of LTE-Advanced. They allow one-to-one communications between two endpoints, under the control of the eNodeB, which allocates resources for the d2d flow, but does not act as a relay for its traffic. The direct link can also be used for file transfer or proximity-based browsing, i.e. applications running on TCP. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of TCP-based traffic transported through the direct link, in several scenarios. We show and explain non-intuitive results, which arise from the interplay of TCP and LTE-A protocol mechanisms, and compare the existing TCP versions in a dynamic environment, where mode switches between the direct and the infrastructure link may induce periodic losses
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