New intelligent network approach for monitoring physiological parameters : the case of Benin

Benin health system is facing many challenges as: (i) affordable high-quality health care to a growing population providing need, (ii) patients’ hospitalization time reduction, (iii) and presence time of the nursing staff optimization. Such challenges can be solved by remote monitoring of patients. To achieve this, five steps were followed. 1) Identification of the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) systems’ characteristics and the patient physiological parameters’ monitoring. 2) The national Integrated Patient Monitoring Network (RIMP) architecture modeling in a cloud of Technocenters. 3) Cross-analysis between the characteristics and the functional requirements identified. 4) Each Technocenter’s functionality simulation through: a) the design approach choice inspired by the life cycle of V systems; b) functional modeling through SysML Language; c) the communication technology and different architectures of sensor networks choice studying. 5) An estimate of the material resources of the national RIMP according to physiological parameters. A National Integrated Network for Patient Monitoring (RNIMP) remotely, ambulatory or not, was designed for Beninese health system. The implementation of the RNIMP will contribute to improve patients’ care in Benin. The proposed network is supported by a repository that can be used for its implementation, monitoring and evaluation. It is a table of 36 characteristic elements each of which must satisfy 5 requirements relating to: medical application, design factors, safety, performance indicators and materiovigilance

The status of textile-based dry EEG electrodes

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the biopotential recording of electrical signals generated by brain activity. It is useful for monitoring sleep quality and alertness, clinical applications, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with epilepsy, disease of Parkinson and other neurological disorders, as well as continuous monitoring of tiredness/ alertness in the field. We provide a review of textile-based EEG. Most of the developed textile-based EEGs remain on shelves only as published research results due to a limitation of flexibility, stickability, and washability, although the respective authors of the works reported that signals were obtained comparable to standard EEG. In addition, nearly all published works were not quantitatively compared and contrasted with conventional wet electrodes to prove feasibility for the actual application. This scenario would probably continue to give a publication credit, but does not add to the growth of the specific field, unless otherwise new integration approaches and new conductive polymer composites are evolved to make the application of textile-based EEG happen for bio-potential monitoring

A Knowledge Distillation Framework For Enhancing Ear-EEG Based Sleep Staging With Scalp-EEG Data

Sleep plays a crucial role in the well-being of human lives. Traditional sleep studies using Polysomnography are associated with discomfort and often lower sleep quality caused by the acquisition setup. Previous works have focused on developing less obtrusive methods to conduct high-quality sleep studies, and ear-EEG is among popular alternatives. However, the performance of sleep staging based on ear-EEG is still inferior to scalp-EEG based sleep staging. In order to address the performance gap between scalp-EEG and ear-EEG based sleep staging, we propose a cross-modal knowledge distillation strategy, which is a domain adaptation approach. Our experiments and analysis validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach with existing architectures, where it enhances the accuracy of the ear-EEG based sleep staging by 3.46% and Cohen's kappa coefficient by a margin of 0.038.Comment: Code available at : https://github.com/Mithunjha/EarEEG_KnowledgeDistillatio

Development and Characterization of Ear-EEG for Real-Life Brain-Monitoring

Functional brain monitoring methods for neuroscience and medical diagnostics have until recently been limited to laboratory settings. However, there is a great potential for studying the human brain in the everyday life, with measurements performed in more realistic real-life settings. Electroencephalography (EEG) can be measured in real-life using wearable EEG equipment. Current wearable EEG devices are typically based on scalp electrodes, causing the devices to be visible and often uncomfortable to wear for long-term recordings. Ear-EEG is a method where EEG is recorded from electrodes placed in the ear. The Ear-EEG supports non-invasive long-term recordings of EEG in real-life in a discreet way. This Ph.D. project concerns the characterization and development of ear-EEG for real-life brain-monitoring. This was addressed through characterization of physiological artifacts in real-life settings, development and characterization of dry-contact electrodes for real-life ear-EEG acquisition, measurements of ear-EEG in real-life, and development of a method for mapping cortical sources to the ear. Characterization of physiological artifacts showed a similar artifact level for recordings from ear electrodes and temporal lobe scalp electrodes. Dry-contact electrodes and flexible earpieces were developed to increase the comfort and user-friendliness of the ear-EEG. In addition, electronic instrumentation was developed to allow implementation in a hearing-aid-sized ear-EEG device. Ear-EEG measurements performed in real-life settings with the dry-contact electrodes, were comparable to temporal lobe scalp EEG, when referenced to a Cz scalp electrode. However, the recordings showed that further development of the earpieces and electrodes are needed to obtain a satisfying recording quality, when the reference is located close to or in the ear. Mapping of the electric fields from well-defined cortical sources to the ear, showed good agreement with previous ear-EEG studies and has the potential to provide valuable information for future development of the ear-EEG method. The Ph.D. project showed that ear-EEG measurements can be performed in real-life, with dry-contact electrodes. The brain processes studied, were established with comparable clarity on recordings from temporal lobe scalp and ear electrodes. With further development of the earpieces, electrodes, and electronic instrumentation, it appears to be realistic to implement ear-EEG into unobtrusive and user-friendly devices for monitoring of human brain processes in real-life

Acquisition of subcortical auditory potentials with around-the-Ear cEEGrid technology in normal and hearing impaired listeners

Even though the principles of recording brain electrical activity remain unchanged since their discovery, their acquisition has seen major improvements. The cEEGrid, a recently developed flex-printed multi-channel sensory array, can be placed around the ear and successfully record well-known cortical electrophysiological potentials such as late auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) or the P300. Due to its fast and easy application as well as its long-lasting signal recording window, the cEEGrid technology offers great potential as a flexible and 'wearable' solution for the acquisition of neural correlates of hearing. Early potentials of auditory processing such as the auditory brainstem response (ABR) are already used in clinical assessment of sensorineural hearing disorders and envelope following responses (EFR) have shown promising results in the diagnosis of suprathreshold hearing deficits. This study evaluates the suitability of the cEEGrid electrode configuration to capture these AEPs. cEEGrid potentials were recorded and compared to cap-EEG potentials for young normal-hearing listeners and older listeners with high-frequency sloping audiograms to assess whether the recordings are adequately sensitive for hearing diagnostics. ABRs were elicited by presenting clicks (70 and 100-dB peSPL) and stimulation for the EFRs consisted of 120 Hz amplitudemodulated white noise carriers presented at 70-dB SPL. Data from nine bipolar cEEGrid channels and one classical cap-EEG montage (earlobes to vertex) were analysed and outcome measures were compared. Results show that the cEEGrid is able to record ABRs and EFRs with comparable shape to those recorded using a conventional capEEG recording montage and the same amplifier. Signal strength is lower but can still produce responses above the individual neural electrophysiological noise floor. This study shows that the application of the cEEGrid can be extended to the acquisition of early auditory evoked potentials

Cost-effective printed electrodes based on emerging materials applied to biosignal acquisition

In this paper flexible printed electrodes applicable to wearable electronics are presented. Using innovative materials as Laser Induced Graphene (LIG) and printed electronics, three type of electrodes based in LIG, silver chloride and carbon inks have been compared during the acquisition of bipotentials as electrocardiogram, electromyogram and electrooculogram. For this last one, a completely new framework for acquisition have been developed. This framework is based in a printed patch which integers 6 electrodes for the EOG acquisitions and an ad-hoc signal processing to detect the direction and amplitude of the eye movement. The performance of the developed electrodes have been compared with commercial ones using the characteristics parameters of each signal as comparative variables. The results obtained for the flexible electrodes have shown a similar performance than the commercial electrodes with an improvement in the comfort of the user.Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (MECD)/FEDER-EU TEC2017-89955-P FPU16/01451 FPU18/01376BBVA FoundationUniversity of Granad

Study of cognitive component of auditory attention to natural speech events

Event-related potentials (ERP) have been used to address a wide range of research questions in neuroscience and cognitive psychology including selective auditory attention. The recent progress in auditory attention decoding (AAD) methods is based on algorithms that find a relation between the audio envelope and the neurophysiological response. The most popular approach is based on the reconstruction of the audio envelope based on EEG signals. However, these methods are mainly based on the neurophysiological entrainment to physical attributes of the sensory stimulus and are generally limited by a long detection window. This study proposes a novel approach to auditory attention decoding by looking at higher-level cognitive responses to natural speech. To investigate if natural speech events elicit cognitive ERP components and how these components are affected by attention mechanisms, we designed a series of four experimental paradigms with increasing complexity: a word category oddball paradigm, a word category oddball paradigm with competing speakers, and competing speech streams with and without specific targets. We recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) from 32 scalp electrodes and 12 in-ear electrodes (ear-EEG) from 24 participants. A cognitive ERP component, which we believe is related to the well-known P3b component, was observed at parietal electrode sites with a latency of approximately 620 ms. The component is statistically most significant for the simplest paradigm and gradually decreases in strength with increasing complexity of the paradigm. We also show that the component can be observed in the in-ear EEG signals by using spatial filtering. The cognitive component elicited by auditory attention may contribute to decoding auditory attention from electrophysiological recordings and its presence in the ear-EEG signals is promising for future applications within hearing aids.Comment: 15 pages, 11 figure