Intergovernmental fiscal relations in China

The choice of the"right"fiscal relationship between central, provincial, and local governments depends on how a government weighs the benefits of decentralized economic development policies against the costs of having less effective central fiscal management. Three strong forces justify more fiscal centralization in China's highly decentralized fiscal system. First, Bouts of inflation and recurrent fiscal deficits can be seen as calling for more central control over the budget. Second, Reform of an economic system relies heavily on the use of tax policy as an allocative instrument to influence economic decisions. Local control of the implementation of the tax system can and probably has compromised some objectives of the central government's tax policy. Gaining tighter control over the revenue system will probably require reducing if not eliminating local government discretion in providing special tax concessions. Third, if the center wants to move ahead with price reform and to encourage enterprise reform, it needs a more centrally controlled revenue sharing or assignment system that reduces the dislocating effects of such reforms. Bahl and Wallich conclude that a reformed system of intergovernmental finance must meet the center's needs for stabilization and the provinces'needs for revenue and equalized spending capacity, supplemented by an improved system of financing local capital expenditures through borrowing, a system of benefit charges and improved planning.Public Sector Economics&Finance,National Governance,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,Urban Economics

Incorporating the Dual Customer Roles in e-Service Design

E-service involves the delivery of useful services through information technology based service delivery channels such as the Internet. A distinguishing feature of e-service is the active and significant participation of customers in the service co-production process. With increasing customer participation in the e-service co-production process, it is important to incorporate customers’ needs both as a co-producer and as a patron into the design of e-service systems. However, these dual customer roles create a complex decision problem during e-service design. In the current paper we present a customer orientation strategy for e-service design, and propose a corresponding two-stage decision model based upon the customer orientation strategy to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of e-service design when the focus of the design is to meet customers’ needs as both co-producers and patrons. The decision model is then applied in an empirical study of the design of e-services of Internet food retailers. Key Words: Service Operations, E-Service, Co-production, Efficiency Analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis

Synchronized exchange of material and information

Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, June 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 39-41).Commerce is all about the carefully managed exchange of material, money, and information. Traditionally, the connection between material and information has been tenuous, with humans acting as the intermediaries. This has made the supply chain inefficient and expensive. The Auto-lID Center has created a stronger, automatic link between inanimate objects and computers. This thesis completes the information exchange, or feedback loop, which makes commerce possible. Specifically, it identifies a framework for information exchange alongside material exchange using Savant-to-Savant communication. Messaging standards will need to support the Auto-ID Center's technology, and this thesis suggests how to augment existing and emerging communication standards to accomplish this feat. Finally, to address the issue of increasing information management, this thesis analyzes the aggregation database, an IT infrastructure component that might be of value to organizations. The outcome of this thesis is an understanding of the various issues necessary to develop a secure, efficient and robust system for tracking and automatically confirming material exchange.by Amit Goyal.M.Eng

Special Libraries, January 1966

Volume 57, Issue 1https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1966/1000/thumbnail.jp

Aguilar v. Coonrod Clerk\u27s Record v. 12 Dckt. 36980

https://digitalcommons.law.uidaho.edu/idaho_supreme_court_record_briefs/2236/thumbnail.jp