8,228 research outputs found
Theory and measure of certain image norms in SAR
The principal properties of synthetic aperture radar SAR imagery of point and distributed objects are summarized. Against this background, the response of a SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) to the moving surface of the sea is considered. Certain conclusions are drawn as to the mechanism of interaction between microwaves and the sea surface. Focus and speckle spectral tests may be used on selected SAR imagery for areas of the ocean. The fine structure of the sea imagery is sensitive to processor focus and adjustment. The ocean reflectivity mechanism must include point like scatterers of sufficient radar cross section to dominate the return from certain individual resolution elements. Both specular and diffuse scattering mechanisms are observed together, to varying degree. The effect is sea state dependent. Several experiments are proposed based on imaging theory that could assist in the investigation of reflectivity mechanisms
SAR-Based Vibration Estimation Using the Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform
A vibration estimation method for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is presented based on a novel application of the discrete fractional Fourier transform (DFRFT). Small vibrations of ground targets introduce phase modulation in the SAR returned signals. With standard preprocessing of the returned signals, followed by the application of the DFRFT, the time-varying accelerations, frequencies, and displacements associated with vibrating objects can be extracted by successively estimating the quasi-instantaneous chirp rate in the phase-modulated signal in each subaperture. The performance of the proposed method is investigated quantitatively, and the measurable vibration frequencies and displacements are determined. Simulation results show that the proposed method can successfully estimate a two-component vibration at practical signal-to-noise levels. Two airborne experiments were also conducted using the Lynx SAR system in conjunction with vibrating ground test targets. The experiments demonstrated the correct estimation of a 1-Hz vibration with an amplitude of 1.5 cm and a 5-Hz vibration with an amplitude of 1.5 mm
Holographic particle localization under multiple scattering
We introduce a novel framework that incorporates multiple scattering for
large-scale 3D particle-localization using single-shot in-line holography.
Traditional holographic techniques rely on single-scattering models which
become inaccurate under high particle-density. We demonstrate that by
exploiting multiple-scattering, localization is significantly improved. Both
forward and back-scattering are computed by our method under a tractable
recursive framework, in which each recursion estimates the next higher-order
field within the volume. The inverse scattering is presented as a nonlinear
optimization that promotes sparsity, and can be implemented efficiently. We
experimentally reconstruct 100 million object voxels from a single 1-megapixel
hologram. Our work promises utilization of multiple scattering for versatile
large-scale applications
Imaging Molecules from Within: Ultra-fast, {\AA}ngstr\"om Scale Structure Determination of Molecules via Photoelectron Holography using Free Electron Lasers
A new scheme based on (i) upcoming brilliant X-ray Free Electron Laser (FEL)
sources, (ii) novel energy and angular dispersive, large-area electron imagers
and (iii) the well-known photoelectron holography is elaborated that provides
time-dependent three-dimensional structure determination of small to medium
sized molecules with {\AA}ngstr\"om spatial and femtosecond time resolution.
Inducing molecular dynamics, wave-packet motion, dissociation, passage through
conical intersections or isomerization by a pump pulse this motion is
visualized by the X-ray FEL probe pulse launching keV photoelectrons within few
femtoseconds from specific and well-defined sites, deep core levels of
individual atoms, inside the molecule. On their way out the photoelectrons are
diffracted generating a hologram on the detector that encodes the molecular
structure at the instant of photoionization, thus providing 'femtosecond
snapshot images of the molecule from within'. Detailed calculations in various
approximations of increasing sophistication are presented and three-dimensional
retrieval of the spatial structure of the molecule with {\AA}ngstr\"om spatial
resolution is demonstrated. Due to the large photo-absorption cross sections
the method extends X-ray diffraction based, time-dependent structure
investigations envisioned at FELs to new classes of samples that are not
accessible by any other method. Among them are dilute samples in the gas phase
such as aligned, oriented or conformer selected molecules, ultra-cold ensembles
and/or molecular or cluster objects containing mainly light atoms that do not
scatter X-rays efficiently.Comment: 18 pages, 11 figure
Locating Multiple Multi-scale Electromagnetic Scatterers by A Single Far-field Measurement
Two inverse scattering schemes were recently developed in
\cite{LiLiuShangSun} for locating multiple electromagnetic (EM) scatterers,
respectively, of small size and regular size compared to the detecting EM
wavelength. Both schemes make use of a single far-field measurement. The scheme
of locating regular-size scatterers requires the {\it a priori} knowledge of
the possible shapes, orientations and sizes of the underlying scatterer
components. In this paper, we extend that imaging scheme to a much more
practical setting by relaxing the requirement on the orientations and sizes. We
also develop an imaging scheme of locating multiple multi-scale EM scatterers,
which may include at the same time, both components of regular size and small
size. For the second scheme, a novel local re-sampling technique is developed.
Furthermore, more robust and accurate reconstruction can be achieved for the
second scheme if an additional far-field measurement is used. Rigorous
mathematical justifications are provided and numerical results are presented to
demonstrate the effectiveness and the promising features of the proposed
imaging schemes.Comment: Any comments are welcom
Imaging in turbid media using quasi-ballistic photons
We study by means of experiments and Monte Carlo simulations, the scattering
of light in random media, to determine the distance upto which photons travel
along almost undeviated paths within a scattering medium, and are therefore
capable of casting a shadow of an opaque inclusion embedded within the medium.
Such photons are isolated by polarisation discrimination wherein the plane of
linear polarisation of the input light is continuously rotated and the
polarisation preserving component of the emerging light is extracted by means
of a Fourier transform. This technique is a software implementation of lock-in
detection. We find that images may be recovered to a depth far in excess of
what is predicted by the diffusion theory of photon propagation. To understand
our experimental results, we perform Monte Carlo simulations to model the
random walk behaviour of the multiply scattered photons. We present a new
definition of a diffusing photon in terms of the memory of its initial
direction of propagation, which we then quantify in terms of an angular
correlation function. This redefinition yields the penetration depth of the
polarisation preserving photons. Based on these results, we have formulated a
model to understand shadow formation in a turbid medium, the predictions of
which are in good agreement with our experimental results.Comment: LaTex 19 pages, 10 ps figures and 8 eps figures. psfig.sty included.
(submitted to Optics Commumications
Filtering random layering effects in imaging
Objects that are buried deep in heterogeneous media produce faint echoes which are difficult to distinguish from the backscattered field. Sensor array imaging in such media cannot work unless we filter out the backscattered echoes and enhance the coherent arrivals that carry information about the objects that we wish to image. We study such filters for imaging in strongly backscattering, finely layered media. The filters are based on a travel time transformation of the array data, the normal move-out, used frequently in connection with differential semblance velocity estimation in seismic imaging. In a previous paper [10] we showed that the filters can be used to remove coherent signals from strong plane reflectors. In this paper we show theoretically and with extensive numerical simulations that these filters, based on the normal move-out, can also remove the incoherent arrivals in the array data that are due to fine random layering in the medium. Key words. array imaging, randomly layered media, filtering
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