Variable weight spectral amplitude coding for multiservice OCDMA networks

The emergence of heterogeneous applications such as internet data, video streaming, and online gaming, brings in a demand for a network environ- ments with capability of supporting diverse Quality of Services (QoS). Prioritizing the services is essential to ensure the delivery of information is at their best. This paper proposes a new code family to support optical domain service differentiation using spectral amplitude coding techniques within an optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) scenario. A particular user or service has a varying weight applied in order to obtain the desired signal quality. The proposed variable-weight code (VW-code) is constructed based on basic multi-service (MS) code. Mathematical model is developed to for performance evaluation of VW-MS code. In addition, the properties of pro- posed code is compared with other VW-OCDMA codes. It is shown that the proposed VW-MS provide an optimal code length with minimum cross- correlation compared to other VW-codes. Performance of VW-MS designed for triple-play services operating at bit rates of 0.622, 1.25 and 2.5 Gbps is demonstrated

A NOVEL CONSTRUCTION OF VECTOR COMBINATORIAL (VC) CODE FAMILIES AND DETECTION SCHEME FOR SAC OCDMA SYSTEMS

There has been growing interests in using optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems for the next generation high-speed optical fiber networks. The advantage of spectral amplitude coding (SAC-OCDMA) over conventional OCDMA systems is that, when using appropriate detection technique, the multiple access interference (MAI) can totally be canceled. The motivation of this research is to develop new code families to enhance the overall performance of optical OCDMA systems. Four aspects are tackled in this research. Firstly, a comprehensive discussion takes place on all important aspects of existing codes from advantages and disadvantages point of view. Two algorithms are proposed to construct several code families namely Vector Combinatorial (VC). Secondly, a new detection technique based on exclusive-OR (XOR) logic is developed and compared to the reported detection techniques. Thirdly, a software simulation for SAC OCDMA system with the VC families using a commercial optical system, Virtual Photonic Instrument, “VPITM TransmissionMaker 7.1” is conducted. Finally, an extensive investigation to study and characterize the VC-OCDMA in local area network (LAN) is conducted. For the performance analysis, the effects of phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), shot noise, and thermal noise are considered simultaneously. The performances of the system compared to reported systems were characterized by referring to the signal to noise ratio (SNR), the bit error rate (BER) and the effective power (Psr). Numerical results show that, an acceptable BER of 10−9 was achieved by the VC codes with 120 active users while a much better performance can be achieved when the effective received power Psr > -26 dBm. In particular, the BER can be significantly improved when the VC optimal channel spacing width is carefully selected; best performance occurs at a spacing bandwidth between 0.8 and 1 nm. The simulation results indicate that VC code has a superior performance compared to other reported codes for the same transmission quality. It is also found that for a transmitted power at 0 dBm, the BER specified by eye diagrams patterns are 10-14 and 10-5 for VC and Modified Quadratic Congruence (MQC) codes respectively

A NOVEL CONSTRUCTION OF VECTOR COMBINATORIAL (VC) CODE FAMILIES AND DETECTION SCHEME FOR SAC OCDMA SYSTEMS

There has been growing interests in using optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems for the next generation high-speed optical fiber networks. The advantage of spectral amplitude coding (SAC-OCDMA) over conventional OCDMA systems is that, when using appropriate detection technique, the multiple access interference (MAI) can totally be canceled. The motivation of this research is to develop new code families to enhance the overall performance of optical OCDMA systems. Four aspects are tackled in this research. Firstly, a comprehensive discussion takes place on all important aspects of existing codes from advantages and disadvantages point of view. Two algorithms are proposed to construct several code families namely Vector Combinatorial (VC). Secondly, a new detection technique based on exclusive-OR (XOR) logic is developed and compared to the reported detection techniques. Thirdly, a software simulation for SAC OCDMA system with the VC families using a commercial optical system, Virtual Photonic Instrument, “VPITM TransmissionMaker 7.1” is conducted. Finally, an extensive investigation to study and characterize the VC-OCDMA in local area network (LAN) is conducted. For the performance analysis, the effects of phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN), shot noise, and thermal noise are considered simultaneously. The performances of the system compared to reported systems were characterized by referring to the signal to noise ratio (SNR), the bit error rate (BER) and the effective power (Psr). Numerical results show that, an acceptable BER of 10−9 was achieved by the VC codes with 120 active users while a much better performance can be achieved when the effective received power Psr > -26 dBm. In particular, the BER can be significantly improved when the VC optimal channel spacing width is carefully selected; best performance occurs at a spacing bandwidth between 0.8 and 1 nm. The simulation results indicate that VC code has a superior performance compared to other reported codes for the same transmission quality. It is also found that for a transmitted power at 0 dBm, the BER specified by eye diagrams patterns are 10-14 and 10-5 for VC and Modified Quadratic Congruence (MQC) codes respectively

Overlapped CDMA system in optical packet networks : resource allocation and performance evalutation

Dans cette thèse, la performance du système CDMA à chevauchement optique (OVCDMA) au niveau de la couche de contrôle d'accès au support (MAC) et l'allocation des ressources au niveau de la couche physique (PRY) sont étudiées. Notre but est d'apporter des améliorations pour des applications à débits multiples en répondant aux exigences de délai minimum tout en garantissant la qualité de service (QoS). Nous proposons de combiner les couches PRY et MAC par une nouvelle approche d'optimisation de performance qui consolide l'efficacité potentielle des réseaux optiques. Pour atteindre notre objectif, nous réalisons plusieurs étapes d'analyse. Tout d 'abord, nous suggérons le protocole S-ALOHA/OV-CDMA optique pour sa simplicité de contrôler les transmissions optiques au niveau de la couche liaison. Le débit du réseau, la latence de transmission et la stabilité du protocole sont ensuite évalués. L'évaluation prend en considération les caractéristiques physiques du système OY-CDMA, représentées par la probabilité de paquets bien reçus. Le système classique à traitement variable du gain (YPG) du CDMA, ciblé pour les applications à débits multiples, et le protocole MAC ±round-robin¿ récepteur/émetteur (R31), initialement proposé pour les réseaux par paquets en CDMA optique sont également pris en compte. L'objectif est d ' évaluer comparativement la performance du S-ALOHA/OY-CDMA en termes de l'immunité contre l'interférence d'accès lTIultiple (MAI) et les variations des charges du trafic. Les résultats montrent que les performances peuvent varier en ce qui concerne le choix du taux de transmission et la puissance de transmission optique au niveau de la couche PRY. Ainsi, nous proposons un schéma de répartition optimale des ressources pour allouer des taux de transmission à chevauchement optique et de puissance optique de transmission dans le système OY-CDMA comme des ressources devant être optimalement et équitablement réparties entre les utilisateurs qui sont regroupés dans des classes de différentes qualités de service. La condition d'optimalité est basée sur la maximisation de la capacité par utilisateur de la couche PHY. De ce fait, un choix optimal des ressources physiques est maintenant possible, mais il n'est pas équitable entre les classes. Par conséquent, pour améliorer la performance de la couche liaison tout en éliminant le problème d'absence d'équité, nous proposons comme une approche unifiée un schéma équitable et optimal pour l'allocation des ressources fondé sur la qualité de service pour des multiplexages temporels des réseaux par paquets en CDMA à chevauchement optique. Enfin, nous combinons cette dernière approche avec le protocole MAC dans un problème d'optimisation d'allocation équitable des ressources à contrainte de délai afin de mieux améliorer le débit du réseau et le délai au niveau de la couche liaison avec allocation équitable et optimale des ressources au niveau de la couche PHY

Fiber-optic code division multiple access : multi-class optical orthogonal codes, optical power control, and polarization encoding

Ever since the mid- 1980s when the single-mode fiber-optic media were believed to become the main highways of future telecommunications networks for transporting high-volume high-quality multipurpose information, the need for all-optical multi-access networking became important. An all-optical multi-access network is a collection of multiple nodes where the interconnection among various nodes is via single- or multi-mode fiber optics and for which they perform all their essential signal processing requirements such as switching, add-drop, multiplexing/demultiplexing and amplification in the optical domain. Optical CDMA networking is one possible technique that allows multiple users in local area networks to access the same fiber channel asynchronously with no delay or scheduling. Optical CDMA networks are not without their own problems. Search for codes suitable to the optical domain is one of the important topics addressed in the literature on optical CDMA. Existing codes developed in the late 80's are limited to single class traffic or can support multiclass traffic but with restrictions on code lengths and weights. Also the number of generated codes is severely limited due to orthogonality issues. In this thesis, we pay particular attention to propose new codes that can support multiclass traffic with arbitrary code weights and lengths. Therefore, data sources with varying traffic demands can be accommodated by optical CDMA networks using the proposed codes. We also present a simple generation technique for the proposed multiclass codes and analyze their performance. The number of users supported by the proposed multiclass codes will be limited since it is an extension of existing code designs with such limitation. We then propose the use of polarization dimension in order to double the number of supported users. On the other hand, incoherent optical CDMA systems are considered as positive systems meaning that only unipolar codes can be considered for such systems. Therefore, multiple access interference will be quite high in optical CDMA due to the nature of incoherent power detection. Reducing the effect of the interference on the performance of optical CDMA is an important topic. We propose the use of power control to decrease the effects of interference in optical star networks in which users' fiber lengths and data rates are not equal. We consider the case of optically amplified network with amplifier noise as the main source. We then elaborate by considering the nonlinearity in the photodetection process and propose the use of an iterative algorithm to find the solution of the non-linear optical power control problem. Finally, we propose an optical CDMA system based on polarization encoding. Since the encoding is performed in the spatial domain, therefore, positive and negative levels can be realized. This approach leads to increasing the number of supported users of optical CDMA by the use of known codes, such as Gold and Hadamard codes, with enhanced performance.reviewe

Co-channel interference reduction in Optical Code Division Multiple Access systems

In this thesis few new code sets and a multi-user interference (MUI) cancellation scheme have been proposed for Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems, which can be employed in the next generation of global communication networks to enhance their existing systems’ performance dramatically. The initial evaluation of the proposed code sets shows that their implementation improves the performance, decreases the BER and increases security considerably. Also the proposed MUI cancellation scheme totally removes all the cross-talk and interference between the active users within the network. These novel schemes and codes can be easily implemented in the optical packet switched networks. Optical switching has the ability of bandwidth manipulation at the wavelength level (e.g. with optical circuit/packet/burst switching); the capability to accommodate a wide range of traffic distributions, and also to make dynamic resource reservations possible. This thesis first gives a brief overview of co-channel interference reduction in OCDMA networks, then proposes two novel code sets, Uniform Cross-Correlation Modified Prime Code (UC-MPC) and Transposed UC-MPC (T-UCMPC), along with their evaluation and analysis in various systems, including IP routing over an OCDMA network. Thereafter, the new MUI cancellation scheme is proposed and then the proposed code sets and the MUI cancellation scheme are implemented and analysed in a laboratory-based experimental test bed. Finally the conclusion of this research is discussed

Passive optical network (PON) monitoring using optical coding technology

Les réseaux optiques passifs (PON) semblent être la technologie gagnante et ultime du futur pour les "fibres jusqu'au domicile" ayant une haute capacité. L'écoute de contrôle de ce genre de système est nécessaire pour s'assurer un niveau de qualité de service prédéterminé pour chaque client. En outre, l'écoute de contrôle réduit considérablement les dépenses en capital et de fonctionnement (CAPEX et OPEX), tant pour le fournisseur du réseau que les clients. Alors que la capacité des PON est croissante, les gestionnaires de réseau ne disposent pas encore d'une technologie efficace et appropriée pour l'écoute de contrôle des réseaux de capacité aussi élevée. Une variété de solutions a été proposée. Toutes ces dernières solutions ne sont pas pratiques à cause de leur faible capacité (nombre de clients), d'une faible évolutivité, d'une grande complexité et des défis technologiques. Plus important encore, la technologie souhaitable pour l'écoute de contrôle devrait être rentable car le marché des PON est très sensible aux coûts. Dans cette thèse, nous considérons l'application de la technologie du codage optique passif (OC) comme une solution prometteuse pour l'écoute de contrôle centralisée d'un réseau optique ramifié tels que les réseaux PON. Dans la première étape, nous développons une expression pour le signal détecté par l'écoute de contrôle et étudions ses statistiques. Nous trouvons une nouvelle expression explicite pour le rapport signal utile/signal brouillé (SIR) comme outil de mesure métrique de performance. Nous considérons cinq distributions PON géographiques différentes et étudions leurs effets sur l'SIR pour l'écoute de contrôle d'OC. Dans la prochaine étape, nous généralisons notre modèle mathématique et ses expressions pour le contrôle des signaux détectés par un détecteur quadratique et des paramètres réalistes. Nous évaluons ensuite les performances théoriques de la technologie basée sur l'écoute de contrôle selon le rapport signal/bruit (SNR), le rapport signal/bruit plus coefficient d'interférence (SNIR), et la probabilité de fausse alarme. Nous élaborons l'effet de la puissance d'impulsion transmise, la taille du réseau et la cohérence de la source lumineuse sur le rendement des codes unidimensionnels (ID) et bidimensionnels (2D) de l'écoute de contrôle d'OC. Une conception optimale est également abordée. Enfin, nous appliquons les tests de Neyman-Pearson pour le récepteur de notre système d'écoute de contrôle et enquêtons sur la façon dont le codage et la taille du réseau affectent les dépenses de fonctionnement (OPEX) de notre système d'écoute de contrôle. Malgré le fait que les codes ID et 2D fournissent des performances acceptables, elles exigent des encodeurs avec un nombre élevé de composants optiques : ils sont encombrants, causent des pertes, et ils sont coûteux. Par conséquent, nous proposons un nouveau schéma de codage simple et plus approprié pour notre application de l'écoute de contrôle que nous appelons le codage périodique. Par simulation, nous évaluons l'efficacité de l'écoute de contrôle en terme de SNR pour un PON employant cette technologie. Ce système de codage est utilisé dans notre vérification expérimentale de l'écoute de contrôle d'OC. Nous étudions expérimentalement et par simulation, l'écoute de contrôle d'un PON utilisant la technologie de codage périodique. Nous discutons des problèmes de conception pour le codage périodique et les critères de détection optimale. Nous développons également un algorithme séquentiel pour le maximum de vraisemblance avec une complexité réduite. Nous menons des expériences pour valider notre algorithme de détection à l'aide de quatre encodeurs périodiques que nous avons conçus et fabriqués. Nous menons également des simulations de Monte-Carlo pour des distributions géographiques de PON réalistes, avec des clients situés au hasard. Nous étudions l'effet de la zone de couverture et la taille du réseau (nombre d'abonnés) sur l'efficacité de calcul de notre algorithme. Nous offrons une borne sur la probabilité pour un réseau donné d'entraîner l'algorithme vers un temps exorbitant de surveillance du réseau, c'est à dire le délai d'attente de probabilité. Enfin, nous soulignons l'importance du moyennage pour remédier aux restrictions budgétaires en puissance/perte dans notre système de surveillance afin de supporter de plus grandes tailles de réseaux et plus grandes portées de fibres. Ensuite, nous mettrons à niveau notre dispositif expérimental pour démontrer un m PON avec 16 clients. Nous utilisons un laser à modulation d'exploitation directement à 1 GHz pour générer les impulsions sonde. Les données mesurées par le dispositif expérimental est exploité par l'algorithme de MLSE à détecter et à localiser les clients. Trois déploiements PON différents sont réalisés. Nous démontrons une surveillance plus rigoureuse pour les réseaux ayant une répartition géographique à plusieurs niveaux. Nous étudions aussi le budget de la perte de notre dispositif de soutien plus élevés de capacités du réseau. Enfin, nous étudions le budget total admissible de la perte d'exploitation du système de surveillance dans la bande de fréquences à 1650 nm en fonction des spécifications de l'émetteur/récepteur. En particulier, la limite totale de la perte de budget est représentée en fonction du gain de l'amplicateure de transimpédance (TIA) et le résolution de la conversion analogique-numérique (ADC). Par ailleurs, nous enquêtons sur le compromis entre la distance portée et la capacité (taille de fractionnement au niveau du noeud distant) dans notre système de suivi

High Capacity CDMA and Collaborative Techniques

The thesis investigates new approaches to increase the user capacity and improve the error performance of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) by employing adaptive interference cancellation and collaborative spreading and space diversity techniques. Collaborative Coding Multiple Access (CCMA) is also investigated as a separate technique and combined with CDMA. The advantages and shortcomings of CDMA and CCMA are analysed and new techniques for both the uplink and downlink are proposed and evaluated. Multiple access interference (MAI) problem in the uplink of CDMA is investigated first. The practical issues of multiuser detection (MUD) techniques are reviewed and a novel blind adaptive approach to interference cancellation (IC) is proposed. It exploits the constant modulus (CM) property of digital signals to blindly suppress interference during the despreading process and obtain amplitude estimation with minimum mean squared error for use in cancellation stages. Two new blind adaptive receiver designs employing successive and parallel interference cancellation architectures using the CM algorithm (CMA) referred to as ‘CMA-SIC’ and ‘BA-PIC’, respectively, are presented. These techniques have shown to offer near single user performance for large number of users. It is shown to increase the user capacity by approximately two fold compared with conventional IC receivers. The spectral efficiency analysis of the techniques based on output signal-to interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) also shows significant gain in data rate. Furthermore, an effective and low complexity blind adaptive subcarrier combining (BASC) technique using a simple gradient descent based algorithm is proposed for Multicarrier-CDMA. It suppresses MAI without any knowledge of channel amplitudes and allows large number of users compared with equal gain and maximum ratio combining techniques normally used in practice. New user collaborative schemes are proposed and analysed theoretically and by simulations in different channel conditions to achieve spatial diversity for uplink of CCMA and CDMA. First, a simple transmitter diversity and its equivalent user collaborative diversity techniques for CCMA are designed and analysed. Next, a new user collaborative scheme with successive interference cancellation for uplink of CDMA referred to as collaborative SIC (C-SIC) is investigated to reduce MAI and achieve improved diversity. To further improve the performance of C-SIC under high system loading conditions, Collaborative Blind Adaptive SIC (C-BASIC) scheme is proposed. It is shown to minimize the residual MAI, leading to improved user capacity and a more robust system. It is known that collaborative diversity schemes incur loss in throughput due to the need of orthogonal time/frequency slots for relaying source’s data. To address this problem, finally a novel near-unity-rate scheme also referred to as bandwidth efficient collaborative diversity (BECD) is proposed and evaluated for CDMA. Under this scheme, pairs of users share a single spreading sequence to exchange and forward their data employing a simple superposition or space-time encoding methods. At the receiver collaborative joint detection is performed to separate each paired users’ data. It is shown that the scheme can achieve full diversity gain at no extra bandwidth as inter-user channel SNR becomes high. A novel approach of ‘User Collaboration’ is introduced to increase the user capacity of CDMA for both the downlink and uplink. First, collaborative group spreading technique for the downlink of overloaded CDMA system is introduced. It allows the sharing of the same single spreading sequence for more than one user belonging to the same group. This technique is referred to as Collaborative Spreading CDMA downlink (CS-CDMA-DL). In this technique T-user collaborative coding is used for each group to form a composite codeword signal of the users and then a single orthogonal sequence is used for the group. At each user’s receiver, decoding of composite codeword is carried out to extract the user’s own information while maintaining a high SINR performance. To improve the bit error performance of CS-CDMA-DL in Rayleigh fading conditions, Collaborative Space-time Spreading (C-STS) technique is proposed by combining the collaborative coding multiple access and space-time coding principles. A new scheme for uplink of CDMA using the ‘User Collaboration’ approach, referred to as CS-CDMA-UL is presented next. When users’ channels are independent (uncorrelated), significantly higher user capacity can be achieved by grouping multiple users to share the same spreading sequence and performing MUD on per group basis followed by a low complexity ML decoding at the receiver. This approach has shown to support much higher number of users than the available sequences while also maintaining the low receiver complexity. For improved performance under highly correlated channel conditions, T-user collaborative coding is also investigated within the CS-CDMA-UL system

Smart Sensor Technologies for IoT

The recent development in wireless networks and devices has led to novel services that will utilize wireless communication on a new level. Much effort and resources have been dedicated to establishing new communication networks that will support machine-to-machine communication and the Internet of Things (IoT). In these systems, various smart and sensory devices are deployed and connected, enabling large amounts of data to be streamed. Smart services represent new trends in mobile services, i.e., a completely new spectrum of context-aware, personalized, and intelligent services and applications. A variety of existing services utilize information about the position of the user or mobile device. The position of mobile devices is often achieved using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) chips that are integrated into all modern mobile devices (smartphones). However, GNSS is not always a reliable source of position estimates due to multipath propagation and signal blockage. Moreover, integrating GNSS chips into all devices might have a negative impact on the battery life of future IoT applications. Therefore, alternative solutions to position estimation should be investigated and implemented in IoT applications. This Special Issue, “Smart Sensor Technologies for IoT” aims to report on some of the recent research efforts on this increasingly important topic. The twelve accepted papers in this issue cover various aspects of Smart Sensor Technologies for IoT