IMPLEMENTATION OF RFID TO IMPROVE ACCOUNTABILITY IN DISTRIBUTED MARITIME OPERATIONS AND EABO

This study examines the possibility of implementing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to improve inventory control within the Marine Corps' Expeditionary Advanced Base Operations (EABO) construct. The lack of inventory control in austere environments and isolated operations reduces the Marine Corps' ability to train, man, and equip the operating forces. The study focuses on the technology's applicability to maritime operations, resource management, and implementation within EABO. The costs and benefits of using RFID in amphibious operations and the littorals will be analyzed with special attention given to accountability and electromagnetic (EM) signature. By-hand accountability is labor- and time-intensive. Implementing RFID technology can reduce man-hours spent tracking equipment and save hundreds of hours on asset visibility. The study shows that implementing RFID technology in the Marine Corps' EABO construct can improve resource management, reduce manpower hours, and save costs due to the ease of understanding and implementation of this technology. This study demonstrates that projected improvements from RFID technology in the DOD may be overly conservative and that decision-makers should consider the actual outcomes from previous case studies when assessing the potential benefits of implementing RFID technology.Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.Captain, United States Marine CorpsCaptain, United States Marine Corp

The effectiveness and economic impact of enhancing container security

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-101).Over the past few decades, international containerized shipping has evolved to become the main artery of global trade, providing both convenient and inexpensive access to goods from markets around the world. Yet the very size and efficiencies that have made container shipping such an attractive means of transport have also created a system that is highly vulnerable to terrorist exploitation. This paper outlines the current initiatives taken by both the public and private sector to address the security vulnerabilities in the container industry. The solution targets three main areas for, security: documentation/information, physical security, and inspections. The technology utilized to improve the physical security of the container can also be used to track shipments and secure the container from pilferage. This generates a win-win relationship between enhancing container security while improving supply chain information and control. An economic model is used to demonstrate the cost savings and cost avoidance from the information and control provided by security technologies. The savings to shippers more than offsets the cost of implementing these technologies. This is a valuable approach to solving the problem of container security because it concurrently provides incentive to the private sector and protects global interests.by Eric L. Dresser.S.M

An investigation into the illegal movement of goods from seaports-of-entry : a case study at Durban harbour

Seaports, or harbours, play a vital role in the logistical supply chain, since they handle the largest volumes of containerised cargo and bulk goods that enter any country. Over the decades, globalisation and free trade have resulted in increased movement of cargo and people through the sea ports. The security functions in all categories of the ports are of paramount importance, seeing that border posts or ports are the main entry and exit points of any country. The marine transport system is responsible for 95-98 per cent of South Africa’s imports and exports. South Africa’s maritime sector, and in particular its eight commercial ports-of-entry, play a major role in the South African economy, as well as those of South Africa’s neighbouring landlocked countries. As a result of the volume of cargo containers passing through these ports, it is often challenging to detect or even examine all of the cargo that enters or leaves the port. A 2007 report titled ‘The collective approach to Border Control’ states that the movement of illegal goods crossing South African borders is in the amount of 20 billion Rand per year. The illegal movement of goods represents an enormous loss to South Africa in terms of revenue, as well as customs and excise duties, and negatively impacts on the confidence of our international investors. One of South Africa’s busiest seaports-of-entry is the Durban harbour. This study sought to investigate the challenges presented by the illegal movement of goods through Durban harbour. The research sought to establish how the goods were being moved illegally through the Durban harbour area. The focus is on the security risk control measures that should control the illegal movement of goods from the Durban Harbour. The objectives of this study were: to examine the existing security risk control measures at the Durban harbour; to assess the risks associated with the illegal movement of goods at the Durban harbour; and to identify the security risk control measures required to prevent the illegal movement of goods at the Durban harbour. The study made use of the qualitative research approach to research the unlawful transfer of goods entering through seaports. Three methods of data collection were used. These were a documentary study of police case dockets, an onsite security audit of the Durban harbour, and face-to-face interviews between the researcher and the interviewees in accordance with an interview schedule. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the SAPS Border Police, customs officials and security officials who were stationed at the Durban harbour. Thirty (30) sample respondents were individually interviewed by the interviewer. An analysis of fifty (50) police dockets which were registered on the SAPS crime administration system for ‘Theft and Contraband Smuggling’ were also analysed, where the scene-of-crime was the Durban harbour. In addition, an onsite evaluation of the current security measures at the Durban harbour was conducted. All of the data collected was analysed using a data-spiral method, which generated themes and categories. The findings established that there are shortcomings or gaps within the existing security measures for the prevention of, and safeguarding the harbour as a port against, criminal risks or security weaknesses. Accordingly, the researcher has recommended certain measures that should assist in eliminating or reducing the associated criminal risks affecting the harbour.Criminology and Security ScienceM. Tech. (Security Management

Seaport Vulnerability to Criminal Networks: A Mixed Method Approach to Measuring Criminological Vulnerability in the Top 30 U.S. Container Ports

Seaports form a unique space for criminological examination. As the locus points for the majority of international and domestic trade criminal network access to a port can provide outsized benefits. While ports are physical spaces they are underlined by complex systems incorporating public and private agencies, companies and small entities. Underlying the administrative and logistical activity at the port is a jurisdictional web of public and private security regulatory agencies. The complexity of the environment creates vulnerabilities that criminal networks can use to gain access to ports. This dissertation developed a Seaport Vulnerability Framework (SVF), developed from the rational choice and situational crime prevention literature with a multi-disciplinary focus that allows security stakeholders to identify whether a port is at risk of utilization by criminal networks. The SVF is used to measure and analyze criminological vulnerability in the top 30 U.S. container seaports and in-depth in a case study at the Port of New York and New Jersey. Finally, I examine the implications of the SVF for port and maritime security policy and port security assessments in the U.S. and worldwide

Focusing on the case analysis of advanced smart ports

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 행정대학원 글로벌행정전공, 2023. 2. Lee, Soo-young.본 연구에서는 최근 각광받고 있는 스마트 항만의 개념과 항만 경쟁력과의 관계를 고찰해 보고, 선진 스마트 항만에 대한 다각적인 분석을 통해 우리나라 스마트 항만 발전 방향에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 A. Molavi 외의 연구에서 확립된 스마트 항만 평가 척도의 4가지 측면, 운영측면(Operation), 환경측면(Environment), 에너지 측면(Energy), 그리고 안전과 보안 측면(Safety & Security)의 분석틀을 활용하여 스마트 항만 개발과 발전에 가장 앞선 네덜란드의 로테르담 항만과 독일의 함부르크 항만의 정책 분석을 시도하였다. A. Molavi 외의 연구는 측정 가능한 스마트화 지수를 발전시켜 각 항만의 스마트화 정도를 가늠하고 장단점을 파악할 수 있게 하기 위한 취지에서 개발되었다. 하지만 본 연구에서는 스마트 항만의 평가 척도를 활용하되 질적인 분석으로 접근하여 정책 활용 측면에서 유용한 시사점을 도출하는데 목적을 두었다. 또한 동일한 틀을 활용하여 현재 부산 컨테이너 터미널의 스마트 항만 발전 계획을 분석하고 발전방향 설정에 도움을 주고자 하였다. 우선 운영 측면에서 선진 스마트 항만들은 항만 내 하역 전 과정의 완전 자동화를 달성하였고, 이에 그치지 않고 항만 내 모든 과정을 4차 산업혁명의 첨단 기술들을 활용하여 무인화와 효율화를 추구하였다. 이 과정에서 A.I, IoT, 블록체인 등 4차 산업혁명의 핵심 기술들을 적극 활용하여 항만의 전체적인 모습을 변화시켜 가고 있으며, 비용절감과 생산성 증대 등 직접적인 효과뿐만 아니라 글로벌 물류의 핵심 구심점으로써 스마트 항만의 가능성을 발전시켜 나가고 있다. 이를 통해 항만 경쟁력 향상은 물론 물류 포털로써의 지위를 선점하기 위한 경쟁도 심화되고 있다. 환경 측면에서는 친환경 항만에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 항만은 더 이상 도시와 분리되어 존재하는 독립된 영역이 아닌, 인접 도시 주민들과 상호 영향을 주고받으며 발전하는 호혜적인 관계를 구축해야 한다는데 공감대가 형성되고 있다. 이를 위해 그동안 항만 활동을 통해 야기되었던 환경 오염 문제를 줄이고 지역사회에 기여하기 위한 노력들이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 전력에 기반한 친환경 하역장비로 대체하고, 선박의 연료를 친환경 연료로 전환하는 노력이 진행 중이다. 항만 내 유휴부지를 활용해 신재생에너지를 발전하고 인근 지역에 공급하는 방안과, 항만의 환경 문제를 IoT 기술을 활용하여 실시간으로 감시하고 공유하는 시스템을 구축하여 항만의 지속 가능한 발전을 의도하며 탄소 중립 사회로의 진전에 중요한 역할을 자처하고 있다. 에너지 측면에서는 스마트 항만이 미래 수소 사회의 핵심 공급 기지가 될 전망이다. 해상 물류와 육상 물류가 결합되는 기능적 이점을 활용하여 수소의 생산과 저장, 분배 등 수소 경제의 핵심 인프라를 항만 내 구축하고 항만 기능과의 결합을 시도하고 있다. 이를 위해 선진 항만들은 대규모 파이프 라인을 건설하는 프로젝트들을 진행하며 미래를 준비하고 있다. 안전과 보안 측면에서는 항만이 첨단 기술 활용의 경연장이 되고 있다. 항공 및 해상, 수중 드론 등 첨단 장비들을 활용하여 드넓은 항만을 가상 현실세계인 트윈 타워에 이식하고 인공지능에 의한 실시간 관리 감독이 가능한 시스템이 구축되고 있다. 항만 내 하역작업의 무인화는 안전사고의 위험을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 사각 지대가 없는 관리 감독도 가능해져 항만 내 재난사고와 밀입국 등의 문제를 근본적으로 변화시킬 것으로 기대되고 있다. 하지만 선진 스마트 항만에서 추구하는 근본적인 방향은 세계 물류의 핵심 포털을 구축하는 것이며 이를 위해 항만의 역할은 기존의 지역적인 한계를 넘어 기능적으로 그리고 물리적으로 팽창하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 일찍이 자동화 항만의 발전을 시작한 유럽 항만은 물론 인근 중국과 싱가포르의 자동화 항만과 비교해도 뒤쳐지고 있는 것이 현실이다. 이를 만회하기 위해 중앙 정부 차원에서 스마트 해상물류체계 구축 전략을 수립하고 2030년 스마트 항만의 본격적인 운영을 계획하고 있다. 하지만 본 계획은 전반적인 물류 기능 중 하위 요소로 스마트 항만을 인식하고 있으며, 이는 스마트 항만을 자동화 항만이라는 좁은 측면에서만 바라보고 있는 것으로, 항만의 미래 잠재력에 대한 선진 항만들의 인식과는 큰 차이가 있다고 하겠다. 또한 스마트 항만의 발전 과정에서 민간 기업과 항만 이해관계자들이 적극적으로 참여하고 협력하여 스마트 항만의 모습을 그려가는 선진 항만과는 달리 우리나라의 경우 여전히 정부 주도 발전 방식을 고수하고 있으며, 가장 주도적인 역할을 해야 할 항만 공사들의 역할이 미미한 것은 한계라고 하겠다. 그리고 향후 탄소 중립 사회로의 이행의무 등 환경적인 문제와 친환경 에너지로의 전환이 중요시되고 있는 시점에서 이에 대한 근본적인 전환계획이나 항만의 새로운 역할에 대한 고민이 부족한 것도 비교 연구를 통해 도출할 수 있었다. 유럽의 항만들과는 달리 수소 경제로의 이행에 있어 항만의 핵심적 역할이 빠져 있다는 것은 스마트 항만에 대한 인식 부족에서 비롯된 것으로 보이며 이에 대한 정책적 개선이 필요한 것으로 보인다.This study examines the relationship between the concept of smart ports and port competitiveness, which have recently been in the spotlight, and attempts to derive implications for Korea's smart port development direction through various analysis of advanced smart ports. To this end, this research attempted to analyze the policies of Rotterdam Port in the Netherlands and Hamburg Port in Germany, which are most advanced in smart port development and development, using the analysis framework of four smart port evaluation measures established in A. Molavi et al. In terms of operation, advanced smart ports achieved complete automation of the entire loading and unloading process in the port, and not only this, but all processes in the port were pursued for unmanned and efficient use of the advanced technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution. In terms of the environment, interest in eco-friendly ports is increasing. There is a consensus that ports should no longer be independent areas that exist separately from cities, but should establish reciprocal relationships that interact and develop with residents of neighboring cities. In terms of energy, smart ports are expected to become a key supply base for the future hydrogen society. Taking advantage of the functional advantages of combining marine logistics and land logistics, the core infrastructure of the hydrogen economy, such as hydrogen production, storage, and distribution, is built in ports and attempted to combine them with port functions. In terms of safety and security, ports are becoming a competition for the use of advanced technology. Using high-tech equipment such as aviation, sea, and underwater drones, a system that allows real-time management and supervision by artificial intelligence is being established by transplanting a wide port into a virtual reality twin tower. In the case of Korea, the reality is that it is lagging behind not only European ports that started the development of automated ports early but also automated ports in neighboring China and Singapore. To make up for this, the central government has established a "smart maritime logistics system construction strategy" and plans to operate smart ports in earnest in 2030. However, this plan recognizes smart ports as a sub-factor of the overall logistics function, which only looks at smart ports in the narrow aspect of automated ports, which is very different from advanced ports' perceptions of the future potential of ports. In addition, unlike advanced ports in which private companies and port stakeholders actively participate and cooperate in the development of smart ports, Korea still adheres to the government-led development method, and the role of port authorities to play the most leading role is insignificant. In addition, at a time when environmental problems such as the obligation to transition to a carbon-neutral society in the future and the transition to eco-friendly energy are becoming important, this comparative study was able to derive the lack of concern about the fundamental transition plan or the new role of ports. Unlike ports in Europe, the absence of a key role in the transition to a hydrogen economy seems to stem from a lack of awareness of smart ports, and policy improvements are needed.Chapter 1. Introduction １ 1.1. Study Background １ 1.2. Scope and Method of Study ２ Chapter 2. Theoretical Discussions and Prior Study Reviews ４ 2.1. Theoretical discussion of smart ports ４ 2.1.1. Significance of Ports ４ 2.1.2. Development of Ports ５ 2.1.3. Prior Study of Smart Ports ６ 2.1.4. Smart Port Index (SPI) ９ 2.2. Theoretical discussion of port competitiveness １１ 2.2.1 The Concept of Port Competitiveness １１ 2.2.2. A Prior Study on Port Competitiveness １３ 2.2.3. Port Competitiveness and Performance Evaluation １５ 2.3. The relationship between smart ports and port competitiveness １７ 2.3.1. Smart Port Components and Port Competitiveness １７ 2.3.2. Trends in Smart Port Development ２３ 2.4. Results of previous study review ２７ 3.1. Analysis Targets and Data ２８ 3.2. Analytical Model ２９ Chapter 3. Case Analysis ３２ 3.1. Port of Rotterdam (Netherlands) ３２ 3.1.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ３２ 3.1.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ３４ 3.1.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ３７ 3.1.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ３９ 3.1.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ４１ 3.1.6. Implications ４３ 3.2. Port of Hamburg (Germany) ４５ 3.2.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ４５ 3.2.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ４８ 3.2.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ５１ 3.2.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ５３ 3.2.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ５５ 3.2.5. Implications ５６ 3.3. Port of Busan (S.Korea) ５８ 3.3.1. Background and Status of Smart Port Introduction ５８ 3.3.2. Operational Aspects of Smart Port ６０ 3.3.3. Environmental Aspects of Smart Port ６２ 3.3.4. Energy Aspects of Smart Port ６３ 3.3.5. Safety and Security Aspects of Smart Port ６４ Chapter 4. Conclusion ６６ 4.1. Results of Research ６６ 4.2. Policy Implications ７０ 4.3. Limitations of Research ７４ Bibliography ７６ Abstract in Korean ８２석

Public Policy and Technology: Advancing Civilization at the Expense of Individual Privacy

Technological advances have created a new existence, providing an unforeseen level of interaction and transaction between parties that have never physically met. Preliminary thinking was that these advances would create a previously unimaginable level of privacy and anonymity. While a surface examination suggests an abundance of privacy in modern society, a more thorough examination reveals different results. Advances in technology and changes in public policy have produced a world in which a startling amount of information is available regarding a given individual. Rather than experiencing an increase in individual privacy, modern societies suffer from rapidly decreasing individual privacy