272 research outputs found
Evaluating XMPP Communication in IEC 61499-based Distributed Energy Applications
The IEC 61499 reference model provides an international standard developed
specifically for supporting the creation of distributed event-based automation
systems. Functionality is abstracted into function blocks which can be coded
graphically as well as via a text-based method. As one of the design goals was
the ability to support distributed control applications, communication plays a
central role in the IEC 61499 specification. In order to enable the deployment
of functionality to distributed platforms, these platforms need to exchange
data in a variety of protocols. IEC 61499 realizes the support of these
protocols via "Service Interface Function Blocks" (SIFBs). In the context of
smart grids and energy applications, IEC 61499 could play an important role, as
these applications require coordinating several distributed control logics.
Yet, the support of grid-related protocols is a pre-condition for a wide-spread
utilization of IEC 61499. The eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
on the other hand is a well-established protocol for messaging, which has
recently been adopted for smart grid communication. Thus, SIFBs for XMPP
facilitate distributed control applications, which use XMPP for exchanging all
control relevant data, being realized with the help of IEC 61499. This paper
introduces the idea of integrating XMPP into SIFBs, demonstrates the
prototypical implementation in an open source IEC 61499 platform and provides
an evaluation of the feasibility of the result.Comment: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and
Factory Automation (ETFA
Integration of existing IEC 61131-3 systems in an IEC 61499 distributed solution
The IEC 61499 standard allows to model and design
new generation control systems, providing innovative
concepts of software engineering (such as abstraction,
encapsulation, reuse) to the world of control
engineering. The industrial reception of the standard,
however, is still in an early stage, also because its
introduction results in the adoption of a programming
paradigm profoundly different than the widespread IEC
61131-3. This paper presents a method for the
integration of the two standards, that allows to exploit
the benefits of both. The proposed architecture is based
on the parallel execution of both environments that
interact with each other through some specific
interfaces. A test implementation of the architecture is
also presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the
proposed solution
Low-cost Industrial controller based on the Raspberry Pi platform
Mestrado de dupla diplomação com o Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca - CEFET/RJThe low-cost automation field exhibits the need of innovation both in terms of hardware
and software. There is a lack of devices that allow the development of control logic that is
free from restrictions of domain-specific communication platforms and at the same time
able to provide the capabilities aligned to the Industry 4.0 requirements.
The objective of this work is to develop an inexpensive, small Industrial Controller
that supports the execution of programs in different industrial programming languages.
So, it is intended to develop, manufacture and control a low-cost but powerful Industrial
Controller based on the use of the single-board computer Raspberry Pi.
The study described in this document was carried out on the creation of a hardware
platform that is capable of integrating with software frameworks compatible with
standards updated and widely used in the industrial automation field. IEC 61131-3 is employed
displaying the ease of use and implementation alongside multiple well established
programming languages for automation through the OpenPLC platform while IEC 61449
is employed through the 4DIAC framework that has a clear and objective environment
capable of providing the appropriate tools for implementation of a distributed control.
It is employed the single-board computer Raspberry Pi, a robust device with adequate
processing power and communication capability for the elaboration of a platform in the
low-cost automation scope. The elaboration of the Industrial Shields, responsible for
providing the controller I/O interface took into consideration maintenance concerns of
controller integrity through the application of galvanic isolation in the automaton input
and output sections. The proposed platform was successfully tested in an automation system prototype comprising Fischertechnik’s Punching Machine being possible to develop the control logic
using IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499.O campo de automação de baixo custo demonstra a necessidade de inovação em termos
de hardware e software. Há uma falta de dispositivos que permitem o desenvolvimento de
lógica de controle livre de restrições de plataformas de comunicação específicas de domínio
e, ao mesmo tempo, capazes de fornecer os recursos alinhados aos requisitos da Indústria
4.0.
O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um pequeno Controlador Industrial de baixo
custo que suporte a execução de programas em diferentes linguagens de programação
industrial. Assim, pretende-se desenvolver, fabricar e controlar um Controlador Industrial
de baixo custo, mas poderoso, baseado no uso do computador de placa única Raspberry
Pi.
O estudo descrito neste documento foi realizado na criação de uma plataforma de
hardware que é capaz de se integrar com frameworks de software compatíveis com padrões
atualizados e amplamente utilizados na área de automação industrial. A IEC 61131-3 é
empregada exibindo a facilidade de uso e implementação juntamente com várias linguagens
de programação bem estabelecidas para automação através da plataforma OpenPLC
enquanto a IEC 61449 é empregada através da estrutura 4DIAC que possui um ambiente
claro e objetivo capaz de fornecer as ferramentas apropriadas para implementação de um
controle distribuído.
É empregado o computador de placa única Raspberry Pi, um dispositivo robusto com
capacidade de processamento e capacidade de comunicação adequados para a elaboração
de uma plataforma no escopo de automação de baixo custo. A elaboração dos industrial
shields, responsáveis por fornecer a interface de I/O do controlador levou em consideração as preocupações de manutenção da integridade do controlador através da aplicação de
isolação galvânica nas seções de entrada e saída do autômato.
A plataforma proposta foi testada com sucesso em um protótipo de sistema de automação
compreendendo a Punching Machine da Fischertechnik sendo possível desenvolver
a lógica de controle usando IEC 61131-3 e IEC 61499
Interaction of Mechatronic Modules in Distributed Technological Installations
The article deals with the interaction of mechatronic devices in real time through events and messages. The interaction of distributed network devices is necessary to coordinate their work, including synchronization when implementing a distributed algorithm. The approach in the development of a distributed control system (DCS) for mechatronic devices based on the IEC 61499 standard has been analyzed. Using only a LAN for interaction purposes is not always justified, since messages transmitted over a LAN do not provide transmission determinism. To eliminate this problem, a fast local network is needed, which would not utilize resources of the main computer and hardware (e.g., based on the model of terminal machines) to carry out a network communication. It is proposed to implement LAN controllers on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platform. Data-strobe coding (DS coding) with a signal level of LVDS was used for keeping the transmitted data intact and improving the overall reliability of the systems
A Novel Method for Adaptive Control of Manufacturing Equipment in Cloud Environments
The ability to adaptively control manufacturing equipment, both in local and distributed environments, is becoming increasingly more important for many manufacturing companies. One important reason for this is that manufacturing companies are facing increasing levels of changes, variations and uncertainty, caused by both internal and external factors, which can negatively impact their performance. Frequently changing consumer requirements and market demands usually lead to variations in manufacturing quantities, product design and shorter product life-cycles. Variations in manufacturing capability and functionality, such as equipment breakdowns, missing/worn/broken tools and delays, also contribute to a high level of uncertainty. The result is unpredictable manufacturing system performance, with an increased number of unforeseen events occurring in these systems. Events which are difficult for traditional planning and control systems to satisfactorily manage. For manufacturing scenarios such as these, the use of real-time manufacturing information and intelligence is necessary to enable manufacturing activities to be performed according to actual manufacturing conditions and requirements, and not according to a pre-determined process plan. Therefore, there is a need for an event-driven control approach to facilitate adaptive decision-making and dynamic control capabilities. Another reason driving the move for adaptive control of manufacturing equipment is the trend of increasing globalization, which forces manufacturing industry to focus on more cost-effective manufacturing systems and collaboration within global supply chains and
manufacturing networks. Cloud Manufacturing is evolving as a new manufacturing paradigm to match this trend, enabling the mutually advantageous sharing of resources, knowledge and information between distributed companies and manufacturing units. One of the crucial objectives for Cloud Manufacturing is the coordinated planning, control and execution of discrete manufacturing operations in collaborative and networked environments. Therefore, there is also a need that such an event-driven control approach supports the control of distributed manufacturing equipment. The aim of this research study is to define and verify a novel and comprehensive method for adaptive control of manufacturing equipment in cloud environments. The presented research follows the Design Science Research methodology. From a review of research literature, problems regarding adaptive manufacturing equipment control have been identified. A control approach, building on a structure of event-driven Manufacturing Feature Function Blocks, supported by an Information Framework, has been formulated. The Function Block structure is constructed to generate real-time control instructions, triggered by events from the manufacturing environment. The Information Framework uses the concept of Ontologies and The Semantic Web to enable description and matching of manufacturing resource capabilities and manufacturing task requests in distributed environments, e.g. within Cloud Manufacturing. The suggested control approach has been designed and instantiated, implemented as prototype systems for both local and distributed manufacturing scenarios, in both real and virtual applications. In these systems, event-driven Assembly Feature Function Blocks for adaptive control of robotic assembly tasks have been used to demonstrate the applicability of the control approach. The utility and performance of these prototype systems have been tested, verified and evaluated for different assembly scenarios. The proposed control approach has many promising characteristics for use within both local and distributed environments, such as cloud environments. The biggest advantage compared to traditional control is that the required control is created at run-time according to actual manufacturing conditions. The biggest obstacle for being applicable to its full extent is manufacturing equipment controlled by proprietary control systems, with native control languages. To take the full advantage of the IEC Function Block control approach, controllers which can interface, interpret and execute these Function Blocks directly, are necessary
Development of an Open Soft CNC System Based on STEP-NC and Function Blocks
Modern manufacturing industries have put on increasing demands on computer numerical controllers (CNC) for it to be able to work with and process higher level input data described using languages such as STEP-NC, rather than the outdated G-codes. The research work described in this paper is about the development of a soft CNC controller that can process STEP-NC (ISO 14649) data. Function blocks (IEC 61499) are also used as the interface between the STEP-NC data model and the controller. The layered STEP-NC/FB architecture is proposed, which simplifies the design of the controller with layers responsible for data processing, data storage and execution. With the object-oriented, Model-View-Control design pattern, the STEP-NC/FB architecture supports the design framework, in which simulation of the machining becomes a natural and inherent part of the design process, with seamless transition from simulation to actual machining
Simulation and Control of a Cyber-Physical System under IEC 61499 Standard
IEC 61499 standard provides an architecture for control systems using function blocks (FB), languages, and semantics. These devices can be interconnected and communicate with each other. Each device contains several resources and algorithms with a communication FB at the end, which can be created, configured, and deleted without affecting other resources. Physical element can be represented by a FB that encapsulates the functionality (data/events, process, return data/events) in a single module that can be reused and combined. This work presents a simplified implementation of a modular control system using a low-cost device. In the prototyping of the application, we use 4diac to control, model and validate the implementation of the system on a programmable logic controller. It is proved that this approach can be used to model and simulate a cyber-physical system as a single element or in a networked combination. The control models provide a reusable FB design.We acknowledge the financial support of CIDEM, R&D
unit funded by FCT – Portuguese Foundation for the
Development of Science and Technology, Ministry of
Science, Technology and Higher Education, under the Project
UID/EMS/0615/2019, and it was supported by FCT, through
INEGI and LAETA, under project UIDB/50022/2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A review of architectures and concepts for intelligence in future electric energy system
Renewable energy sources are one key enabler to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to cope with the anthropogenic climate change. Their intermittent behavior and limited storage capabilities present a new challenge to power system operators to maintain power quality and reliability. Additional technical complexity arises from the large number of small distributed generation units and their allocation within the power system. Market liberalization and changing regulatory framework lead to additional organizational complexity. As a result, the design and operation of the future electric energy system have to be redefined. Sophisticated information and communication architectures, automation concepts, and control approaches are necessary in order to manage the higher complexity of so-called smart grids. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art and recent developments enabling higher intelligence in future smart grids. The integration of renewable sources and storage systems into the power grids is analyzed. Energy management and demand response methods and important automation paradigms and domain standards are also reviewed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
A Model-Driven Engineering Approach for ROS using Ontological Semantics
This paper presents a novel ontology-driven software engineering approach for
the development of industrial robotics control software. It introduces the
ReApp architecture that synthesizes model-driven engineering with semantic
technologies to facilitate the development and reuse of ROS-based components
and applications. In ReApp, we show how different ontological classification
systems for hardware, software, and capabilities help developers in discovering
suitable software components for their tasks and in applying them correctly.
The proposed model-driven tooling enables developers to work at higher
abstraction levels and fosters automatic code generation. It is underpinned by
ontologies to minimize discontinuities in the development workflow, with an
integrated development environment presenting a seamless interface to the user.
First results show the viability and synergy of the selected approach when
searching for or developing software with reuse in mind.Comment: Presented at DSLRob 2015 (arXiv:1601.00877), Stefan Zander, Georg
Heppner, Georg Neugschwandtner, Ramez Awad, Marc Essinger and Nadia Ahmed: A
Model-Driven Engineering Approach for ROS using Ontological Semantic
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