639 research outputs found
Finite Type Invariants of w-Knotted Objects II: Tangles, Foams and the Kashiwara-Vergne Problem
This is the second in a series of papers dedicated to studying w-knots, and
more generally, w-knotted objects (w-braids, w-tangles, etc.). These are
classes of knotted objects that are wider but weaker than their "usual"
counterparts. To get (say) w-knots from usual knots (or u-knots), one has to
allow non-planar "virtual" knot diagrams, hence enlarging the the base set of
knots. But then one imposes a new relation beyond the ordinary collection of
Reidemeister moves, called the "overcrossings commute" relation, making
w-knotted objects a bit weaker once again. Satoh studied several classes of
w-knotted objects (under the name "weakly-virtual") and has shown them to be
closely related to certain classes of knotted surfaces in R4. In this article
we study finite type invariants of w-tangles and w-trivalent graphs (also
referred to as w-tangled foams). Much as the spaces A of chord diagrams for
ordinary knotted objects are related to metrized Lie algebras, the spaces Aw of
"arrow diagrams" for w-knotted objects are related to not-necessarily-metrized
Lie algebras. Many questions concerning w-knotted objects turn out to be
equivalent to questions about Lie algebras. Most notably we find that a
homomorphic universal finite type invariant of w-foams is essentially the same
as a solution of the Kashiwara-Vergne conjecture and much of the
Alekseev-Torossian work on Drinfel'd associators and Kashiwara-Vergne can be
re-interpreted as a study of w-foams.Comment: 57 pages. Improvements to the exposition following a referee repor
Limits of Baumslag-Solitar groups and dimension estimates in the space of marked groups
We prove that the limits of Baumslag-Solitar groups which we previously
studied are non-linear hopfian C*-simple groups with infinitely many twisted
conjugacy classes. We exhibit infinite presentations for these groups, classify
them up to group isomorphism, describe their automorphisms and discuss the word
and conjugacy problems. Finally, we prove that the set of these groups has
non-zero Hausforff dimension in the space of marked groups on two generators.Comment: 30 pages, no figures, englis
Classifying word problems of finitely generated algebras via computable reducibility
We contribute to a recent research program which aims at revisiting the study of the complexity of word problems, a major area of research in combinatorial algebra, through the lens of the theory of computably enumerable equivalence
relations (ceers), which has considerably grown in recent times. To pursue our analysis, we rely on the most popular way of assessing the complexity of ceers, that is via computable reducibility on equivalence relations, and its corresponding degree structure (the c-degrees). On the negative side, building on previous work of Kasymov and Khoussainov, we individuate a collection of c-degrees of ceers which cannot be realized by the word problem of any finitely generated algebra of finite type. On the positive side, we show that word problems of finitely generated semigroups realize a collection of c-degrees which embeds rich structures and is large in several reasonable ways
The Pure Virtual Braid Group Is Quadratic
If an augmented algebra K over Q is filtered by powers of its augmentation
ideal I, the associated graded algebra grK need not in general be quadratic:
although it is generated in degree 1, its relations may not be generated by
homogeneous relations of degree 2. In this paper we give a sufficient criterion
(called the PVH Criterion) for grK to be quadratic. When K is the group algebra
of a group G, quadraticity is known to be equivalent to the existence of a (not
necessarily homomorphic) universal finite type invariant for G. Thus the PVH
Criterion also implies the existence of such a universal finite type invariant
for the group G. We apply the PVH Criterion to the group algebra of the pure
virtual braid group (also known as the quasi-triangular group), and show that
the corresponding associated graded algebra is quadratic, and hence that these
groups have a (not necessarily homomorphic) universal finite type invariant.Comment: 53 pages, 15 figures. Some clarifications added and inaccuracies
corrected, reflecting suggestions made by the referee of the published
version of the pape
Computability Theory
Computability and computable enumerability are two of the fundamental notions of mathematics. Interest in effectiveness is already apparent in the famous Hilbert problems, in particular the second and tenth, and in early 20th century work of Dehn, initiating the study of word problems in group theory. The last decade has seen both completely new subareas develop as well as remarkable growth in two-way interactions between classical computability theory and areas of applications. There is also a great deal of work on algorithmic randomness, reverse mathematics, computable analysis, and in computable structure theory/computable model theory. The goal of this workshop is to bring together researchers representing different aspects of computability theory to discuss recent advances, and to stimulate future work
Constants of Weitzenb\"ock derivations and invariants of unipotent transformations acting on relatively free algebras
In commutative algebra, a Weitzenb\"ock derivation is a nonzero triangular
linear derivation of the polynomial algebra in several
variables over a field of characteristic 0. The classical theorem of
Weitzenb\"ock states that the algebra of constants is finitely generated. (This
algebra coincides with the algebra of invariants of a single unipotent
transformation.) In this paper we study the problem of finite generation of the
algebras of constants of triangular linear derivations of finitely generated
(not necessarily commutative or associative) algebras over assuming that
the algebras are free in some sense (in most of the cases relatively free
algebras in varieties of associative or Lie algebras). In this case the algebra
of constants also coincides with the algebra of invariants of some unipotent
transformation. \par The main results are the following: 1. We show that the
subalgebra of constants of a factor algebra can be lifted to the subalgebra of
constants. 2. For all varieties of associative algebras which are not nilpotent
in Lie sense the subalgebras of constants of the relatively free algebras of
rank are not finitely generated. 3. We describe the generators of the
subalgebra of constants for all factor algebras modulo a
-invariant ideal . 4. Applying known results from commutative
algebra, we construct classes of automorphisms of the algebra generated by two
generic matrices. We obtain also some partial results on relatively
free Lie algebras.Comment: 31 page
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