Designing Data Spaces

This open access book provides a comprehensive view on data ecosystems and platform economics from methodical and technological foundations up to reports from practical implementations and applications in various industries. To this end, the book is structured in four parts: Part I “Foundations and Contexts” provides a general overview about building, running, and governing data spaces and an introduction to the IDS and GAIA-X projects. Part II “Data Space Technologies” subsequently details various implementation aspects of IDS and GAIA-X, including eg data usage control, the usage of blockchain technologies, or semantic data integration and interoperability. Next, Part III describes various “Use Cases and Data Ecosystems” from various application areas such as agriculture, healthcare, industry, energy, and mobility. Part IV eventually offers an overview of several “Solutions and Applications”, eg including products and experiences from companies like Google, SAP, Huawei, T-Systems, Innopay and many more. Overall, the book provides professionals in industry with an encompassing overview of the technological and economic aspects of data spaces, based on the International Data Spaces and Gaia-X initiatives. It presents implementations and business cases and gives an outlook to future developments. In doing so, it aims at proliferating the vision of a social data market economy based on data spaces which embrace trust and data sovereignty

Flexible Application-Layer Multicast in Heterogeneous Networks

This work develops a set of peer-to-peer-based protocols and extensions in order to provide Internet-wide group communication. The focus is put to the question how different access technologies can be integrated in order to face the growing traffic load problem. Thereby, protocols are developed that allow autonomous adaptation to the current network situation on the one hand and the integration of WiFi domains where applicable on the other hand

An Empty Promise? Digital Democracy in the Smart City

The digital transformation affects every part of our societies and everyday lives, including the processes and structures of our democracies. On the one hand, information and communication technologies have the potential to lower the threshold for political communication and participation. On the other hand, they can be used for large-scale data collection and surveillance, posing a risk to the public sphere. This thesis investigates the impact of digitization on the legitimacy of democracy. It first develops a novel framework based on the theories of participatory and deliberative democracy, drawing on recent work on deliberative systems. On this basis, digital democracy is examined as a system, consisting of different engagement spaces and actors within the smart city. The smart city is a particularly fruitful testbed for digital democracy as it is based on the promise of applying a high density of digital technologies to facilitate civic participation as well as better service delivery and governance. Through an in-depth case study of the smart city of Amsterdam, this thesis not only reveals the legitimacy dilemmas of digital democracy in the smart city, but also illustrates the limits of applying participatorydeliberative systems theory on a digital democracy ecosystem. The analysis demonstrates design conflicts between different online engagement platforms within the digital democracy system, as well as conflicting objectives among the actors behind them. The findings do not support the claim that digitization negatively impacts democracy’s legitimacy in the smart city of Amsterdam through marketization, large-scale data collection, and surveillance, as some authors warn. However, a significant positive impact of digitization on democratic legitimacy, through higher levels of inclusiveness, empowerment, or civic influence, is also not confirmed. The findings show that digital technologies’ promise of facilitating large-scale citizen participation and deliberation in the smart city does not live up to the normative ideal. The results from Amsterdam are exposed to smart city and digital democracy experts across the globe to test their generalizability, demonstrating that, despite its shortcomings, Amsterdam’s extensive digital democracy system is far advanced in international comparison. What may appear a contradiction in fact illustrates that we are still in the early stages of development, with potential to enhance the legitimacy of digital democracy, both in the smart city of Amsterdam and beyond

New Fundamental Technologies in Data Mining

The progress of data mining technology and large public popularity establish a need for a comprehensive text on the subject. The series of books entitled by "Data Mining" address the need by presenting in-depth description of novel mining algorithms and many useful applications. In addition to understanding each section deeply, the two books present useful hints and strategies to solving problems in the following chapters. The contributing authors have highlighted many future research directions that will foster multi-disciplinary collaborations and hence will lead to significant development in the field of data mining

A design tool architecture for the rapid evaluation of product design tradeoffs in an Inernet-based system modeling environment

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-122).This thesis presents a computer-aided design tool for the rapid evaluation of design tradeoffs in an integrated product modeling environment. The goal of this work is to provide product development organizations with better means of exploring product design spaces so as to identify promising de- sign candidates early in the concept generation phase. Ultimately, such practices would streamline the product development process. The proposed design tool is made up of two key components: an optimization engine, and the Distributed Object-based Modeling Environment. This modeling environment is part of an ongoing research initiative at the Computer-Aided Design Lab. The optimization engine consists of a multi- objective evolutionary algorithm developed at the Ecole Polytechnique F6d6rale de Lausanne. The first part of this thesis provides a comprehensive survey of all topics relevant to this work. Traditional product development is discussed along with some of the challenges inherent in this process. Integrated modeling tools are surveyed. Finally, a variety of optimization methods and algorithms are discussed, along with a review of commercially available optimization packages. The second part discusses the developed design tool and the implications of this work on traditional product development. After a detailed description of the optimization algorithm, use of the design tool is illustrated with a trivial design example.(cont.) Enabled by this work, a new "target-driven" design approach is introduced. In this approach, individuals select optimal tradeoffs between competing design objectives and use them, as design targets, to configure the integrated product model so as to achieve best-overall product performance. Validation of this design approach is done through the design of a hybrid PV-diesel energy system for two different applications. It is shown that the design tool effectively evaluates design tradeoffs and allows for the rapid derivation of optimal design alternatives.by Jacob Wronski.S.M

Efficient Methods on Reducing Data Redundancy in the Internet

The transformation of the Internet from a client-server based paradigm to a content-based one has led to many of the fundamental network designs becoming outdated. The increase in user-generated contents, instant sharing, flash popularity, etc., brings forward the needs for designing an Internet which is ready for these and can handle the needs of the small-scale content providers. The Internet, as of today, carries and stores a large amount of duplicate, redundant data, primarily due to a lack of duplication detection mechanisms and caching principles. This redundancy costs the network in different ways: it consumes energy from the network elements that need to process the extra data; it makes the network caches store duplicate data, thus causing the tail of the data distribution to be swapped out of the caches; and it causes the content-servers to be loaded more as they have to always serve the less popular contents.  In this dissertation, we have analyzed the aforementioned phenomena and proposed several methods to reduce the redundancy of the network at a low cost. The proposals involve different approaches to do so--including data chunk level redundancy detection and elimination, rerouting-based caching mechanisms in information-centric networks, and energy-aware content distribution techniques. Using these approaches, we have demonstrated how we can perform redundancy elimination using a low overhead and low processing power. We have also demonstrated that by using local or global cooperation methods, we can increase the storage efficiency of the existing caches many-fold. In addition to that, this work shows that it is possible to reduce a sizable amount of traffic from the core network using collaborative content download mechanisms, while reducing client devices' energy consumption simultaneously

Innovative communication, effective coordination and knowledge management in UK local authority planning departments

This thesis sets out to examine the scope for integrated knowledge based planning systems. Five planning departments in the South East Midlands of the UK have been investigated through environmental appraisal, conceptual modelling and empirical evidence gathering. The results of analyses suggest a number of configurations, which could provide reformation instruments in the context of technological innovation, social coordination and knowledge management for sustainable development. This research study provided the insights and learning into how to successfully develop and implement an integrated knowledge based planning system. The primary aspiration of this research was to develop a robust pragmatic framework to support an efficient and effective delivery of the planning system in the UK local government towards sustainable development. A mixed research methodology was employed for the research fieldwork. Firstly, an extensive review of literature took place to summarise and synthesise the arguments of the key research propositions contributing to the development of an integrated knowledge based planning system. Secondly, exploratory fieldwork took place as an appropriate methodology in this study, applying the semi-structured interview and questionnaire techniques to gather data from senior level planning officials who were directly involved in the planning system transformation. This study was initiated by examining the previous planning environment in the UK local government and its transformation from its conventional state to a contemporary emergent state. The fieldwork was carried out to identify the key supportive and preventive knowledge factors for both explicit and tacit knowledge domains. As a result, the nature of successful technology based initiatives was determined and solutions to the possible emerging challenges were appraised

Decentralized and hierarchical discovery of software applications in the iShare internet sharing system

We present the design and evaluation of a fully decentralized software application discovery scheme – iDiscover, which is used in the iShare Internet-sharing system being built at Purdue University. The scheme employs a structured peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay routing mechanism and a hierarchical name space. The structured P2P routing mechanism is self-organizing and scalable. The hierarchical name space provides an effective way to describe software applications with their semantics. Measurements using a set of real software applications show that our resource discovery mechanism is efficient and scalable.