Data Governance and Sovereignty in Urban Data Spaces Based on Standardized ICT Reference Architectures

European cities and communities (and beyond) require a structured overview and a set of tools as to achieve a sustainable transformation towards smarter cities/municipalities, thereby leveraging on the enormous potential of the emerging data driven economy. This paper presents the results of a recent study that was conducted with a number of German municipalities/cities. Based on the obtained and briefly presented recommendations emerging from the study, the authors propose the concept of an Urban Data Space (UDS), which facilitates an eco-system for data exchange and added value creation thereby utilizing the various types of data within a smart city/municipality. Looking at an Urban Data Space from within a German context and considering the current situation and developments in German municipalities, this paper proposes a reasonable classification of urban data that allows the relation of various data types to legal aspects, and to conduct solid considerations regarding technical implementation designs and decisions. Furthermore, the Urban Data Space is described/analyzed in detail, and relevant stakeholders are identified, as well as corresponding technical artifacts are introduced. The authors propose to setup Urban Data Spaces based on emerging standards from the area of ICT reference architectures for Smart Cities, such as DIN SPEC 91357 “Open Urban Platform” and EIP SCC. In the course of this, the paper walks the reader through the construction of a UDS based on the above-mentioned architectures and outlines all the goals, recommendations and potentials, which an Urban Data Space can reveal to a municipality/city. Finally, we aim at deriving the proposed concepts in a way that they have the potential to be part of the required set of tools towards the sustainable transformation of German and European cities in the direction of smarter urban environments, based on utilizing the hidden potential of digitalization and efficient interoperable data exchange.EC/H2020/646578/EU/Triangulum: The Three Point Project / Demonstrate. Disseminate. Replicate./TriangulumBMBF, 13NKE012, Datenaustausch und Zusammenarbeit im urbanen Raum - Bestandsanalyse (Urban Data Space

A Literature Review of Data Governance and Its Applicability to Smart Cities

Data governance have been relevant for companies for a long time. Yet, in the broad discussion on smart cities, research on data governance in particular is scant, even though data governance plays an essential role in an environment with multiple stakeholders, complex IT structures and heterogeneous processes. Indeed, not only can a city benefit from the existing body of knowledge on data governance, but it can also make the appropriate adjustments for its digital transformation. Therefore, this literature review aims to spark research on urban data governance by providing an initial perspective for future studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of data governance and the relevant facets embedded in this strand of research. Furthermore, it provides a fundamental basis for future research on the development of an urban data governance framework

Data Spaces

This open access book aims to educate data space designers to understand what is required to create a successful data space. It explores cutting-edge theory, technologies, methodologies, and best practices for data spaces for both industrial and personal data and provides the reader with a basis for understanding the design, deployment, and future directions of data spaces. The book captures the early lessons and experience in creating data spaces. It arranges these contributions into three parts covering design, deployment, and future directions respectively. The first part explores the design space of data spaces. The single chapters detail the organisational design for data spaces, data platforms, data governance federated learning, personal data sharing, data marketplaces, and hybrid artificial intelligence for data spaces. The second part describes the use of data spaces within real-world deployments. Its chapters are co-authored with industry experts and include case studies of data spaces in sectors including industry 4.0, food safety, FinTech, health care, and energy. The third and final part details future directions for data spaces, including challenges and opportunities for common European data spaces and privacy-preserving techniques for trustworthy data sharing. The book is of interest to two primary audiences: first, researchers interested in data management and data sharing, and second, practitioners and industry experts engaged in data-driven systems where the sharing and exchange of data within an ecosystem are critical

Designing Data Spaces

This open access book provides a comprehensive view on data ecosystems and platform economics from methodical and technological foundations up to reports from practical implementations and applications in various industries. To this end, the book is structured in four parts: Part I “Foundations and Contexts” provides a general overview about building, running, and governing data spaces and an introduction to the IDS and GAIA-X projects. Part II “Data Space Technologies” subsequently details various implementation aspects of IDS and GAIA-X, including eg data usage control, the usage of blockchain technologies, or semantic data integration and interoperability. Next, Part III describes various “Use Cases and Data Ecosystems” from various application areas such as agriculture, healthcare, industry, energy, and mobility. Part IV eventually offers an overview of several “Solutions and Applications”, eg including products and experiences from companies like Google, SAP, Huawei, T-Systems, Innopay and many more. Overall, the book provides professionals in industry with an encompassing overview of the technological and economic aspects of data spaces, based on the International Data Spaces and Gaia-X initiatives. It presents implementations and business cases and gives an outlook to future developments. In doing so, it aims at proliferating the vision of a social data market economy based on data spaces which embrace trust and data sovereignty

Data Spaces

This open access book aims to educate data space designers to understand what is required to create a successful data space. It explores cutting-edge theory, technologies, methodologies, and best practices for data spaces for both industrial and personal data and provides the reader with a basis for understanding the design, deployment, and future directions of data spaces. The book captures the early lessons and experience in creating data spaces. It arranges these contributions into three parts covering design, deployment, and future directions respectively. The first part explores the design space of data spaces. The single chapters detail the organisational design for data spaces, data platforms, data governance federated learning, personal data sharing, data marketplaces, and hybrid artificial intelligence for data spaces. The second part describes the use of data spaces within real-world deployments. Its chapters are co-authored with industry experts and include case studies of data spaces in sectors including industry 4.0, food safety, FinTech, health care, and energy. The third and final part details future directions for data spaces, including challenges and opportunities for common European data spaces and privacy-preserving techniques for trustworthy data sharing. The book is of interest to two primary audiences: first, researchers interested in data management and data sharing, and second, practitioners and industry experts engaged in data-driven systems where the sharing and exchange of data within an ecosystem are critical

A Survey of Dataspace Connector Implementations

The concept of dataspaces aims to facilitate secure and sovereign data exchange among multiple stakeholders. Technical implementations known as "connectors" support the definition of usage control policies and the verifiable enforcement of such policies. This paper provides an overview of existing literature and reviews current open-source dataspace connector implementations that are compliant with the International Data Spaces (IDS) standard. To assess maturity and readiness, we review four implementations with regard to their architecture, underlying data model and usage control language.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Value Creation through Urban Data Platforms: A Conceptual Framework

In the context of smart cities, data-driven innovation and digital transformation have received increasing attention from practitioners and academics. The data-centric nature of smart city transformations highlights the essential role of urban data platform (UDP) to manage large and heterogeneous urban data sets and to facilitate interaction among data providers and users in a city ecosystem. To realize value creation through UDP, a comprehensive understanding of the key UDP dimensions and how they influence UDP adoption, use, and value creation are required. For this purpose, we first identify key UDP dimensions through a literature review. Second, by exploring and discussing their relationships with an expert panel, we develop a framework for understanding value creation through UDPs. By identifying key dimensions of UDP and their effects on value creation through UDP, the proposed framework provides a systematic and comprehensive approach for understanding UDP adoption, use, and value creation. Thereby, this study helps city policymakers and business developers in realizing value from UDPs in city ecosystem