28,999 research outputs found
Dihydrotestosterone stimulates amino acid uptake and the expression of LAT2 in mouse skeletal muscle fibres through an ERK1/2-dependent mechanism
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) has acute/non-genomic actions in adult mammalian skeletal muscles whose physiological functions are still poorly understood. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the acute/non-genomic effects of DHT on amino acid uptake as well as the cellular signal transduction events underlying these actions in mouse fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibre bundles. 14C-Labelled amino acids were used to investigate the effects of DHT and testosterone (T) on amino acid uptake and pharmacological interventions were used to determine the cellular signal transduction events mediating these actions. While T had no effect on the uptake of isoleucine (Ile) and a-methylaminoisobutyric acid (MeAIB) in both fibre types, DHT increased their uptake in the fast-twitch fibre bundles. This effect was reversed by inhibitors of protein translation, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), system A, system L, mTOR and MEK. However, it was relatively insensitive to inhibitors of transcription, androgen receptors and PI3K/Akt. Additionally, DHT treatment increased the expression of LAT2 and the phosphorylation of the EGFR in the fast-twitch fibre bundles and that of ERK1/2, RSK1/2 and ATF2 in both fibre types. Also, it decreased the phosphorylation of eEF2 and increased the incorporation of Ile into proteins in both fibre types. Most of these effects were reversed by EGFR and MEK inhibitors. From these findings we suggest that another physiological function of the acute/non-genomic actions of DHT in isolated mammalian skeletal muscle fibres is to stimulate amino acid uptake. This effect is mediated through the EGFR and involves the activation of the MAPK pathway and an increase in LAT2 expression
A separable two-dimensional discrete Hartley transform
Bracewell has proposed the Discrete Hartley Transform (DHT) as a substitute for the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), particularly as a means of convolution. Here, it is shown that the most natural extension of the DHT to two dimensions fails to be separate in the two dimensions, and is therefore inefficient. An alternative separable form is considered, corresponding convolution theorem is derived. That the DHT is unlikely to provide faster convolution than the DFT is also discussed
Project pathogens: The anatomy of omission errors in construction and resource engineering project
Construction and engineering projects are typically
complex in nature and are prone to cost and schedule overruns.
A significant factor that often contributes to these overruns is rework.
Omissions errors, in particular, have been found to account
for as much as 38% of the total rework costs experienced. To date,
there has been limited research that has sought to determine the
underlying factors that contribute to omission errors in construction
and engineering projects. Using data derived from59 in-depth
interviews undertaken with various project participants, a generic
systemic causal model of the key factors that contributed to omission
errors is presented. The developed causal model can improve
understanding of the archetypal nature and underlying dynamics
of omission errors. Error management strategies that can be
considered for implementation in projects are also discussed
Effect of aging on endogenous level of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, estradiol, and estrone in epithelium and stroma of normal and hyperplastic human prostate.
associated with aging. Thus, the question arises whether or not a
correlation exists between the well known prostatic androgen and
estrogen accumulation and aging. To address this question, we measured
5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone, estradiol, and estrone
in epithelium and stroma of six normal (NPR) and 19 BPH and
correlated the values with the age of the donors (26-87 yr). The mean
DHT level in NPR epithelium was significantly higher than in NPR
stroma, and also significantly higher than in epithelium and stroma of
BPH. The epithelial DHT level of NPR and BPH decreased with age,
the correlation being statistically significant. The stromal DHT level
of NPR and BPH showed no correlation with age. Concerning testosterone,
generally rather low values were found which showed no correlation
with age. The mean levels of estradiol and estrone were
significantly higher in BPH stroma as compared to BPH epithelium
as well as to NPR epithelium and stroma. In NPR, the mean levels of
estradiol and estrone were significantly higher in epithelium than
stroma. In NPR and BPH, the stromal estradiol and estrone levels
increased significantly with age. In epithelium such a correlation between
the estrogen levels and age was not found. Our results indicate
that the prostatic accumulation of DHT, estradiol, and estrone is in
part intimately correlated with aging, leading with increasing age to a
dramatic increase of the estrogen/androgen ratio particularly in stroma
of BPH
Optimally Efficient Prefix Search and Multicast in Structured P2P Networks
Searching in P2P networks is fundamental to all overlay networks.
P2P networks based on Distributed Hash Tables (DHT) are optimized for single
key lookups, whereas unstructured networks offer more complex queries at the
cost of increased traffic and uncertain success rates. Our Distributed Tree
Construction (DTC) approach enables structured P2P networks to perform prefix
search, range queries, and multicast in an optimal way. It achieves this by
creating a spanning tree over the peers in the search area, using only
information available locally on each peer. Because DTC creates a spanning
tree, it can query all the peers in the search area with a minimal number of
messages. Furthermore, we show that the tree depth has the same upper bound as
a regular DHT lookup which in turn guarantees fast and responsive runtime
behavior. By placing objects with a region quadtree, we can perform a prefix
search or a range query in a freely selectable area of the DHT. Our DTC
algorithm is DHT-agnostic and works with most existing DHTs. We evaluate the
performance of DTC over several DHTs by comparing the performance to existing
application-level multicast solutions, we show that DTC sends 30-250% fewer
messages than common solutions
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