РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДИКИ ОЧИСТКИ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОГО КРЕМНИЯ ДО КРЕМНИЯ МАРКИ «СОЛНЕЧНЫЙ»

Experimental results demonstrating the possibility of obtaining solar grade silicon by recrystallization of metallurgical silicon in fusible metals, e.g. tin, and pulling of single crystal silicon ingot obtained from silicon scales by the Czochralski method have been presented. Experiments for the purification of a fusible metal (tin) after the end of a cycle of silicon scales obtaining for the purpose of its reuse have been carried out. We purified tin by vacuum decontamination of tin melt, its filtration and finally zone recrystallization. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the initial materials (silicon and tin) and their structure after sequential stages of the technological process has  been carried out by X−ray fluorescent analysis  on an Elvax light device. The structural features of the  silicon scales have  been examined using  scanning electron microscopy on a REMMA106I device. The conductivity  type and the electrical resistivity of the obtained single crystal silicon ingot have been measured using the four−probe method on a PIUS−1UM−K device. We show that the composition of the pulled single crystal ingot is not worse than 99.999 wt.% Si, it has the n type of conductivity  and its electrical resistivity is not less than 2.0 Оhm•сm. These parameters meet the requirements to solar grade silicon and confirm the possibility of its obtaining from metallurgical silicon by recrystallization in fusible metals, e.g.  tin.Представлены экспериментальные результаты, показывающие возможность получения кремния марки «солнечный»  путем рекристаллизации металлургического кремния в легкоплавких металлах, например олове, и выращиванием из полученных чешуек, после их дополнительной химической подготовки, монокристалла кремния по методу Чохральского. Проведены эксперименты по очистке легкоплавкого металла (олова) после завершения цикла получения кремниевых чешуек с  целью повторного его использования. Очистка олова осуществлена методом  вакуумной  дегазации расплава олова, его фильтрацией, а затем зонной перекристаллизацией. Качественный и количественный анализ исходных материалов кремния и олова и их состав после различных стадий технологического процесса осуществлены методом рентгенофлуоресцентного анализа. Структурные  особенности полученных кремниевых чешуек исследованы методом растровой электронной микроскопии. Проведены измерения типа электропроводности методом горячего зонда и удельного электрического  сопротивления полученного монокристаллического слитка кремния четырехзондовым методом. Показано, что выращенный монокристаллический слиток имеет состав по кремнию ≥ 99,999 % (вес.), n−тип проводимости, его удельное электрическое сопротивление составляет не менее 2 Ом • см. Описанные параметры соответствуют кремнию марки «солнечный»  и подтверждают возможность его получения из металлургического кремния путем рекристаллизации в легкоплавких металлах, например олове

Phase 1 of the automated array assembly task of the low cost silicon solar array project

The results of a study of process variables and solar cell variables are presented. Interactions between variables and their effects upon control ranges of the variables are identified. The results of a cost analysis for manufacturing solar cells are discussed. The cost analysis includes a sensitivity analysis of a number of cost factors

Солнечные элементы: современное состояние и перспективы развития

The paper considers the main trends in the development of the world market of solar photovoltaics over the past few years. It is shown that the industry is a very rapidly evolving one among the branches of renewable energy and modern industries as a whole. It is obvious that the prime cost of the of solar energy being produced is rapidly approaching the price of electricity generated by traditional methods at nuclear power plants and thermal power plants. The aspects of the development of the efficiency of modern research solar cells made of various materials using innovative technological solutions based on the data provided by the National Laboratory for Renewable Energy (NREL, USA) in 2017 are noted. For the convenience of analysis, the research solar cells are divided into four technological groups. The advantages and disadvantages of solar cells, including the specific features of their production and prospects for development are considered separately for each group; the maximum efficiency for the year 2017 is estimated. A possible alternative to the future development of modern high-performance single-transition solar cells is the use of fundamentally new materials based on nanoheteroepitaxial structures with quantum dots. The possibilities of absorption (processing) by such structures of both short-wave radiation and long-wave part of the solar radiation spectrum for the purpose of generation of electric energy by increasing the efficiency of solar cells on their basis have been demonstrated. The optimal materials for their production and the principles of action of high-performance solar cells on their basis have been considered. The prospects of manufacturing nanoheteroepitaxial structures with quantum dots by liquid-phase epitaxy with pulse cooling of the substrate have been substantiated.. Проанализированы основные тенденции развития мирового рынка солнечной фотоэнергетики за последние несколько лет. Показано, что она является одной из самых быстроразвивающихся среди отраслей возобновляемой энергетики и современной промышленности в целом. Очевидно, что себестоимость производимой солнечной энергии стремительно приближается к цене за электроэнергию, генерируемую традиционными методами на АЭС и ТЭС. Отмечены аспекты развития эффективности современных исследовательских солнечных элементов, изготовленных из различных материалов, использующих инновационные технологические решения на основе данных, предоставленных Национальной лабораторией по возобновляемой энергетике (NREL, США) в 2017 г. Для удобства анализа исследовательские солнечные элементы разделены на четыре технологические группы. Рассмотрены преимущества и недостатки солнечных элементов в отдельности по каждой взятой группе, включая особенности их производства и перспективы развития, оценена максимальная эффективность за 2017 г. Возможной альтернативой перспективного развития современных высокоэффективных однопереходных солнечных элементов является использование принципиально новых материалов на основе наногетероэпитаксиальных структур с квантовыми точками. Продемонстрированы возможности поглощения (переработки) такими структурами как коротковолнового излучения, так и длинноволновой части спектра солнечного излучения с целью выработки электрической энергии при увеличении эффективности солнечных элементов на их основе. Рассмотрены оптимальные материалы для их изготовления и принципы действия на их основе высокоэффективных солнечных элементов. Обоснована перспективность изготовления наногетероэпитаксиальных структур с квантовыми точками методом жидкофазной эпитаксии с импульсным охлаждением подложки

End of life analysis of solar photovoltaic panel : roadmap for developing economies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework for handling end of life (henceforth EoL) scenarios of solar photovoltaic (solar PV) panels, which includes different options available to businesses and end-users, as well as promoting the collaboration between government and all relevant stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts purposeful sampling, secondary data and content analysis to develop an appropriate conceptual framework that helps to create awareness of the appropriate options for dealing with the EoL cases of solar PV panels. Findings From the data analysis, it is revealed that reuse, repair and recycling of solar PV panels can ensure value creation, public-private partnership and a solution for education in sustainability, and thus, prolonging the useful life cycle of the products. Research limitations/implications This paper limits the analysis on developing economies and the use of selected literature based on the recycling of solar PV panels. Originality/value This paper is an initial attempt to create an awareness by identifying, analyzing and educating the stakeholders to handle appropriately any EoL scenario of solar PV panels.© Emmanuel Ndzibah, Giovanna Andrea Pinilla-De La Cruz and Ahm shamsuzzoha. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcodefi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Investigate technical, policy and business approaches to addressing stewardship and circularity for end-of-life for PV system

There has been exponential growth in the PV market around the world in the last decade. Although this growth is needed to reduce carbon emissions of energy production, this growth has resulted in a growth in PV waste as well. With the estimated global PV capacity of 4500 GW by 2050, PV waste would also accumulate to 78 million tons by 2050 for early loss and 60 million tons for regular loss scenarios. By 2020, Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) panels, which are first generation PV panels, accounted for 73% of total PV market share. This research studies global PV end-of-life (EOL) management policies, available technologies and business models for c-Si panels with the aim of proposing a policy, technology and business solution for the state of Michigan. Literature review was the main research approach used. Most of the countries in the world and many major PV installers do not have PV EOL management policies. With the revision of the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment directive in 2012, the EU became the first entity in the world to have a PV EOL management policy. This directive is based on the extended-producer responsibility (EPR). Based on the different PV EOL management policies, guidelines and waste amount, the UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, China, Taiwan, and the United States are the countries focused on in this policy review. On the technology side, Full Recovery End of Life Photovoltaic (FRELP), a process developed at Arizona State University (ASU), and Photovoltaic Panel Mobile Recycling Device (PVMoReDe) are analyzed due to their recycling rate, economic value of recycling materials and PV waste availability in Michigan. For the business side, centralized and decentralized models are considered.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/167294/1/Yadav_Aniket_Practicum.pd

NASA patent abstracts bibliography: A continuing bibliography. Section 1: Abstracts (supplement 14)

Abstracts are cited for 213 patents and applications for patent introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system during the period of July 1978 through December 1978. Each entry consists of a citation, an abstract, and in most cases, a key illustration selected from the patent or application for patent

Energy, a continuing bibliography with indexes. Issue 33

This bibliography lists 1211 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system from January 1, 1981 through March 31, 1981

Space Resources and Space Settlements

The technical papers from the five tasks groups that took part in the 1977 Ames Summer Study on Space Settlements and Industrialization Using Nonterrestrial Materials are presented. The papers are presented under the following general topics: (1) research needs for regenerative life-support systems; (2) habitat design; (3) dynamics and design of electromagnetic mass drivers; (4) asteroids as resources for space manufacturing; and (5) processing of nonterrestrial materials