4,357 research outputs found

    LIMITS OF ALGORITHMIC FAIR USE

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    In this article, we apply historical copyright principles to the evolving state of text-to-image generation and explore the implications of emerging technological constructs for copyright’s fair use doctrine. Artificial intelligence (“AI”) is frequently trained on copyrighted works, which usually involves extensive copying without owners’ authorization. Such copying could constitute prima facie copyright infringement, but existing guidance suggests fair use should apply to most machine learning contexts. Mark Lemley and Bryan Casey argue that training machine learning (“ML”) models on copyrighted material should generally be permitted under fair use when the model’s outputs transcends the purpose of its inputs. Their arguments are compelling in the domain of AI, generally. However, contemporary AI’s capacity to generate new works of art (“generative AI”) presents a unique case because it explicitly attempts to emulate the expression copyright intends to protect. Jessica Gillotte concludes that generative AI does not illicit copyright infringement because judicial guidance requires adherence to the constitutional imperative to promote the creation of new works when technological change blurs copyright’s boundaries. Even if infringement does occur, Gillotte finds that fair use would serve as a valid defense because training an AI model transforms the original work and is unlikely to damage the original artist’s market for the copyrighted work. Our paper deviates from prior scholarship by exploring specific generative AI use cases in technological detail. Ultimately, we argue that fair use’s first factor, the purpose of the use, and its fourth factor, the impact on the market for the copyrighted work, both weigh against a finding of fair use in generative AI use cases. However, even if text-to-image models aren’t found to be transformative, we argue that the potential for market usurpation alone sufficiently negates fair use. There is presently little specific guidance from courts as to whether using copyrighted works to build generative AI models constitutes either infringement or fair use, although several related lawsuits are currently pending. Text-to-art generative AIs present several scenarios that threaten substantial harm to the market for the copyrighted original, which tends to undercut the case for fair use. For example, a generative AI trained on copyrighted works has already enabled users to create works “in the style of” individual artists, which has allegedly caused business and reputational losses for the emulated copyright holder. Furthermore, past analyses have ignored the potential for a model to be non-transformative when its intended output has the same purpose and is of the same nature as its copyrighted inputs. This article contributes to the discussion by shining a technical light on text-to-art AI use cases to explore whether some uses normatively fail to qualify as fair uses. First, we examine whether text-to-image models present a prima facie infringement claim. We then distinguish text-to-image generative AIs from non-image focused AIs. In doing so, we argue that when the nature of the copyrighted work and the purpose of the infringing use are the same, it is more likely that the original artist will experience market harm. This tilts the overall analysis against a finding of fair use

    Rights on news : expanding copyright on the internet

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    Defence date: 18 February 2020Examining Board: Prof. Giovanni Sartor, EUI (Supervisor); Prof. Pier Luigi Parcu, EUI; Prof. Lionel Bently, University of Cambridge; Prof. Christophe Geiger, University of StrasbourgThe internet and digital technologies have irreversibly changed the way we find and consume news. Legacy news organisations, publishers of newspapers, have moved to the internet. In the online news environment, however, they are no longer the exclusive suppliers of news. New digital intermediaries have emerged, search engines and news aggregators in particular. They select and display links and fragments of press publishers’ content as a part of their services, without seeking the news organisations’ prior consent. To shield themselves from exploitation by digital intermediaries, press publishers have begun to seek legal protection, and called for the introduction of a new right under the umbrella of copyright and related rights. Following these calls, the press publishers’ right was introduced into the EU copyright framework by the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market in 2019

    La Forma del cáncer: Socialización y representación visual de la enfermedad en Instagram

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    Social media platforms like Instagram are a source of information and support for cancer patients. On this platform, millions of images shared by patients, organisations and the general public give shape to the social imagination of one of the most feared illnesses around the world. This thesis proposes a method to identify and obtain images of cancer from Instagram, a social media that in 2022 remains nearly inaccessible to research. Through a transdisciplinary lens, it combines the sociology of everyday life, visual sociology and methodologies from social media analysis to discover visual patterns in the images and find alternative discourses. The results show the variety of visual resources that patients use to communicate their illness and support the construction of their identity. They also show how Instagram’s economy of affection favours the publication of positive images, aligned with the discourse of survivorship, while they hamper the expression of other experiences. It concludes with the proposal for a new regime in the communication of cancer, based on the concept of socialisation.Las redes sociales visuales como Instagram son una fuente de información y apoyo para pacientes de cáncer. En esta red, millones de imágenes compartidas por pacientes, organizaciones y por el público general configuran la imaginación social de una de las enfermedades más temidas en todo el mundo. Esta tesis plantea una metodología para extraer y estudiar imágenes de esta red, prácticamente inaccesible para la investigación en 2022, y para su codificación. A través de un enfoque transdisciplinar, combina la sociología de la vida cotidiana, la sociología visual y las metodologías del análisis de redes sociales para descubrir patrones visuales en las imágenes de cáncer e identificar discursos alternativos. Los resultados muestran la variedad de recursos visuales que utilizan los pacientes de cáncer para comunicar su enfermedad y apoyar un proceso de construcción de la identidad. Muestran también cómo la economía afectiva de esta plataforma favorece la publicación de imágenes positivas y alineadas con el discurso de la supervivencia, mientras que supone un reto para visibilizar otras experiencias. Concluye con la propuesta de un nuevo modelo de comunicación sobre cáncer, basado en el concepto de la socialización.Departamento de Sociología y Trabajo SocialDoctorado en Investigación Transdisciplinar en Educació

    A machine learning-based job forecasting and trend analysis system to predict future job markets using historical data.

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    Over the last two decades, technological advancements have created more job markets and job opportunities than ever. With the ever-increasing demand, it has become vital for academic institutions and businesses to keep up with employment requirements. The problem is more severe for modern and rapidly evolving industries such as software development. This study implements a prediction system for job trends to enable job seekers, organizations, and academic institutions to understand and align their endeavors to match the market requirement. Employers can benefit from the system by using it to identify potential talent shortages and proactively address them. Policymakers can also use the system to understand the potential impacts of changes in the job market on the economy, enabling them to make informed decisions about supporting employment growth. The prediction is made possible by creating a rich dataset based on more than 522,180 job listings from the past 24 months in the software industry. The dataset is fed to a Bidirectional LSTM model to predict the future trends of the job market for various roles and technologies. Auto-aggressive prediction is implemented using the bi-directional LSTM model as this combination proves to produce the most accurate results after multiple quantitative analyses and evaluations. This study evaluated the proposed solution against known real-world data and it was concluded that the system can predict the job trend for at least the next 12 months with a relatively high accuracy of 95.71%

    Introduction to Psychology

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    Introduction to Psychology is a modified version of Psychology 2e - OpenStax

    The Individual And Their World

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    Exploring Text Mining and Analytics for Applications in Public Security: An in-depth dive into a systematic literature review

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    Text mining and related analytics emerge as a technological approach to support human activities in extracting useful knowledge through texts in several formats. From a managerial point of view, it can help organizations in planning and decision-making processes, providing information that was not previously evident through textual materials produced internally or even externally. In this context, within the public/governmental scope, public security agencies are great beneficiaries of the tools associated with text mining, in several aspects, from applications in the criminal area to the collection of people's opinions and sentiments about the actions taken to promote their welfare. This article reports details of a systematic literature review focused on identifying the main areas of text mining application in public security, the most recurrent technological tools, and future research directions. The searches covered four major article bases (Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ACM Digital Library), selecting 194 materials published between 2014 and the first half of 2021, among journals, conferences, and book chapters. There were several findings concerning the targets of the literature review, as presented in the results of this article

    The inherent liminality of lesbian detectives: Shifting spaces and lesbian crime fiction 1984-2022

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    This thesis studies lesbian detective fiction and specifically considers this genre in its early decades (1980s-1990s) from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. This thesis postulates that out of a sample pool of a hundred novels, there are recurring patterns of behaviours and attitudes among the protagonists of this genre within certain physical and metaphorical spaces. These patterns demonstrate a destabilised identity, as the lesbian sleuth never ceases to explore and test the boundaries of her authority as an enforcer of law and order and of her suppressed spatiality as a member of a sexual minority. This causes her to live in a perpetual state of Insider/Outsider liminality and it causes queer trauma to be a fundamental aspect of her character. This thesis considers this concept as the result of long-standing, systemic homophobia and heterosexist normativity, and utilises the notion of queer trauma to interpret the way the lesbian sleuth is inescapably stuck between a sense of duty and justice and a yearning for belonging and self-affirmation. The interpretive process is supported by an extensive and in-depth theoretical research into the fields of history, culture, geography, feminist criticism, gender, and sexuality studies for the selected subject matter. The spaces selected and analysed in this thesis are the queer closet, the medical establishment, domestic settings, and the gay bar. These spaces have been chosen for the significant, emblematic ways in which the lesbian detectives interact with them and have been analysed in order of their importance for the protagonists’ characterisation. The introduction includes introductory statements and the theoretical framework, the first chapter overviews major detectives in the history of crime literature from a spatial perspective; the second chapter discusses the queer closet; the third chapter considers the space of the clinic and the topics of queer trauma and of the pathologisation of homosexuality; the fourth chapter analyses the domestic settings of the protagonists; the fifth chapter examines the context of the gay bar and its history; finally, the conclusion offers closing statements about the focus and originality of this thesis. The originality of this thesis lies in its focus on spaces and on the relationship between the protagonist and society, law and order, and Self and Other. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of queer literature by specifically considering the unescapable liminality of the lesbian/Outsider detective/Insider

    텍스트마이닝(Text Mining)기법을 응용한 섬지역 개발 방법 연구: 인도네시아 발리섬과 롬복섬을 대상으로

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    학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공), 2023. 2. 은기수.Islands are prime destinations for attracting international travelers motivated to experience an explorative, exotic island lifestyle. People's preference for island destinations has greatly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic over busy and crowded landmarks or tourist attractions in the center of big cities. Not all islands, however, attract tourists as most islands inherently share similar natural endowments including beaches and marine ecosystems. Due to wide spectrum of maturity in service and amenities in tourism industry of each island, there is ceaseless competition even between islands with similar geographic conditions. This research takes focuses on investigating key determinants that account for prominent differences in size, maturity of tourism sectors and popularity of Bali and Lombok by in-depth analysis on differences in socio-religious context of two regions. Adopting the John Stuart Mills Method of Difference as a framework, the study interpreted the social and cultural fabric of the target islands, borrowing local terminology and values (Agama, Adat, Dinas) on applying the anthropology-derived emic technique. The Two-Way Methodology was employed in this study for in-depth analysis on sociocultural context of target islands. The first, referred to "Historical Analysis," which categorizes and links historical events affected social structures of target destinations; the second, known as "Empirical Analysis," uses text mining the visitors review big-data sets to examine whether the interpreted dynamics of social structures also influences at real-time tourism sites. This analysis led the researcher to find out the dynamics of religion (agama) and norms (adat/dinas) as a determinant that led the socio-religious structure of two islands in different paths. In conclusion, this research proves that understanding of the key elements for determining social structure by adopting the methodology using Historical Analysis based on the concept of Agama, Adat, Dinas and using Empirical Analysis for Big-data in tourism sector can suggest meaningful strategic implications for researching and developing areas of unique religious, social structure and cultural diversity, particularly in island destinations.본연구의목적은 사회・종교적 고유성(Originality)을 본질적 속성으로 하는 섬 지역에 있어 관광 산업을 중심으로 한 실효적인 지역개발 접근법을 제시하는 데 있다. 유사한 지리조건 및 역사적 배경을 갖고 있으나, 관광산업의 성숙도와 규모면에서 차이를 보이고 있는 인도네시아 발리섬과 롬복섬의 사회・종교적 맥락의 차이를 심층 분석함으로써, 이에 관한 분석 방법론이 섬 지역 개발 정책 수립 및 실행과정에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있게 함을 목표로 한다. 발리섬과 롬복섬의 관광산업이 차이를 보이는 근본 원인을 규명하기 위해 John Stuart Mill의 차이법(Method of Difference)과 인류학의 문화비교 방법론인 에믹(emic) 접근법에 기초하여, 7세기 이후 현재까지 인도네시아에서 발생한 중요한 역사적 사건들에 대한 발리와 롬복의대응 과정에서 각각 다르게 형성된 종교・사회・문화적 맥락을 분석 및 해석하고, 그 차이의 실제성을 빅데이터 텍스트마이닝 기법을 통해 검증하고자 하였다. 역사적 사실 및 기록 연구를 통해 발리와 롬복의 관광산업 발전양상 차이의 주요 원인은 두 섬 내부에서 일어난 agama와 adat의 정의 및 관계설정의 차이로 인해 다르게 형성된 사회규범 및 관계망의 개방성의 차이이며, 이 차이가 투자 및 외부인 수용도에 영향을 미쳤음을 밝혔다. 이어 이 차이의 실제성을 세계 최대 여행정보사이트인 트립어드바이저에 방문자들이 남긴 동선정보와 경험에 대한 평가가 담긴 빅데이터의 핵심단어 사용빈도 및 시각화, 동시출현단어 분석, 대응일치 분석 결과 또한 이러한 차이를 뒷받침하고 있음을 입증하였다. 이상의 분석 및 고찰 결과는 고립된 지리적 특성에 따라 고유의 종교・사회・문화적 맥락화를 본질적 속성으로 하는 다양한 섬 지역 연구에 적용할 수 있으며, 특히 본 논문에서 주요 개념으로 다룬 agama, adat, dinas 개념을 해당지역의 사회구조의 형태와 구조의 결정요소를 파악하는데 중요한 변수로 고려하는 경우 보다 효과적이고 유의미한 지역개발 및 관광산업 정책을 수립할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.I. Introduction 1 1. Purpose of the Study 1 2. Flow of the Study 2 II. Backgrounds 3 1. Similarities Between Bali and Lombok 3 1-1. Geography 4 1-2. Lifestyle 5 1-3. Cultural Backgrounds 5 2. Different Scales of Tourism Sector of Two Islands 6 1-1. Tourism as a Backbone Industry and Economic Drive in Indonesia 7 1-2. Steady and Strong Tourism Development in Bali 11 1-3. Fluctuating and Complicated Tourism Development in Lombok 13 III. Methodologies and Theories 16 1. Research design 16 2. Methodologies 16 IV. Analysis and Interpretations 18 1. Historical Interpretations 18 1-1. Conceptual Frames: Agama, Adat, Dinas, Dharma 18 1-2. Bali and Its Hindu(/Buddhist) Dharma and Adat in Lombok 21 1-3. Bali as Tourist Destination and Negotiation of Its Socio-religious Identity 32 1-4. Agama and Adat in Bali and Lombok 35 1-5. Negotiation of Identity and Tourism Sector 38 2. Empirical Interpretations 46 2-1. Review of Promotional Material in Bali and Lombok Tourism 46 2-2. Review of Actual Experience of Visitors to Bali and Lombok by Text-mining 55 2-2-1. Data Collection 2-2-2. Data Processing 2-2-3. Data Analysis 2-2-4. Descriptive Statistics 2-2-5. Word co-occurrence network analysis 2-2-6. Correspondence Analysis V. Conclusions and Recommendations 71 Bibliography 80 Abstract in Korean 93석

    The Role of a Roman Catholic Organization in Undergraduate Student Psychosocial Development, Identity Formation and Graduation Rates

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    The mixed-methods study investigated the psychosocial development, identity formation, and academic persistence of undergraduate students involved in a Roman Catholic student organization at a private, non-sectarian university. The research framed members’ identity development in the context of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory and Chickering and Reisser’s Seven Vectors of Student Development. The qualitative research relied on interviews, a focus group, and field observations to gather data on members’ psychosocial and identity development. Regarding psychosocial development, participants discussed that the organization helped them develop meaningful, intimate relationships. Participants also highlighted that the organization helped them to develop intellectual competence, discover purpose through religious participation, form identities structured in Catholic beliefs, and become tolerant in their relationships. Additionally, the study investigated the graduation rates of Roman Catholic student organization members compared to other student religious organizations, the university’s six-year graduate rate, and students who self-identified as Roman Catholic. The quantitative analysis used a test of homogeneity of proportions and a series of two-sample z-tests for difference in proportions to compare graduation rates. Based on the analysis, the graduation rates of members were significantly higher than the university’s six-year graduation rate. However, graduation rates of members were not significantly different from students who self-identified as Roman Catholic. The statistical analysis also found mixed results for graduation rates of members compared to other religious groups
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