Contextual Inquiry Reflection Tools

Contextual Inquiry Reflection Tools, Deliverable 5.3, weSPOT ProjectweSPOT Project IST (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement N° 318499

Contextual Inquiry and Requirements Shaping

A primary purpose of traditional systems analysis is seen as ‘capture’ or ‘elicitation’ of user requirements, in order to produce specifications as a basis for information systems design. Such a view presupposes that user requirements are pre-existing and clear, and that the particular ‘users’ concerned know what they are, and can therefore articulate them. We would argue that none of these assumptions can be taken for granted. If a system is to be created which is useful to particular individuals, we suggest that they need to take ownership and control of the analysis themselves. By exploring their own experiences, aspirations and sense-making processes in the context of their problem space, they may enable richer and more comprehensive understandings to emerge. A creative process of requirements shaping may then be promoted. Our focus, therefore, moves away from problem description by an external analyst, towards contextual inquiry, which supports creative thinking and problem re-definition by those individuals most affected. We will discuss methods which may facilitate exploration of multiple, simultaneous and dynamic roles of the same autonomous individuals, separately and collectively. Such methods may enable emergence of reflective, shifting perspectives, leading to deepened understandings of problem experiences. This approach makes it possible for resolutions to be created that address experiences, rather than descriptions, of problems

Contextual Inquiry Model to Improve Students’ Science Process Skill on Microbiology Lesson

This study aims to develop the design of contextual inquiry learning model to improve students’ science process skills in microbiology lectures. The design of learning model developed in the form of contextual inquiry learning model. This Research and Development covers three stages of research that are: Needs analysis, Development of contextual inquiry learning model, and Trial of learning design. The research instruments used to collect data consisted of validation sheets by material experts, designers, and linguists, and a description test to measure the skills of the science process. It used descriptive statistics for data analysis. A preliminary study conducted on 40 students attending microbiology lesson indicated the need for microbiology teaching design which applies active learning process based on contextual inquiry. The results of a limited trial of 34 experimental class students and 35 control class students found that the research hypothesis was accepted, which means that contextual inquiry learning model of microbiology enhances students’ process skills higher than conventional method.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan desain model pembelajaran inkuiri kontekstual untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains siswa dalam perkuliahan mikrobiologi. Desain model pembelajaran dikembangkan dalam bentuk model pembelajaran inkuiri kontekstual. Penelitian dan Pengembangan ini mencakup tiga tahap penelitian yaitu: Analisis kebutuhan, Pengembangan model pembelajaran inkuiri kontekstual, dan Ujicoba desain pembelajaran. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data terdiri dari kuesioner kepada ahli materi, ahli desain pembelajaran, dan ahli bahasa, serta tes objektif untuk mengukur keterampilan proses sains. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan pada 40 mahasiswa yang sedang mengikuti perkuliahan mikrobiologi menunjukkan perlunya desain pembelajaran mikrobiologi dengan menerapkan proses pembelajaran aktif berbasiskan inkuiri kontekstual. Hasil uji coba terbatas terhadap 34 siswa kelas eksperimen dan 35 siswa kelas kontrolditemukan bahwa hipotesis penelitian diterima, yang berarti bahwa model pembelajaran inkuiri kontekstual pada perkuliahan mikrobiologi dapat meningkatkan keterampilan proses mahasiswa lebih tinggi daripada model pembelajaran langsung.

Supporting Real-Time Contextual Inquiry Through Sensor Data

A key challenge in carrying out product design research is obtaining rich contextual information about use in the wild. We present a method that algorithmically mediates between participants, researchers, and objects in order to enable real-time collaborative sensemaking. It facilitates contextual inquiry, revealing behaviours and motivations that frame product use in the wild. In particular, we are interested in developing a practice of use driven design, where products become research tools that generate design insights grounded in user experiences. The value of this method was explored through the deployment of a collection of Bluetooth speakers that capture and stream live data to remote but co-present researchers about their movement and operation. Researchers monitored a visualisation of the real-time data to build up a picture of how the speakers were being used, responding to moments of activity within the data, initiating text conversations and prompting participants to capture photos and video. Based on the findings of this explorative study, we discuss the value of this method, how it compares to contemporary research practices, and the potential of machine learning to scale it up for use within industrial contexts. As greater agency is given to both objects and algorithms, we explore ways to empower ethnographers and participants to actively collaborate within remote real-time research

Pendekatan Inkuiri-kontekstual Berbasis Teknologi Informasi Untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berfikir Kritis Mahasiswa

Food additive is one of the topics included in the food chemistry course. Despite its benefits which are directly related to everyday life applications, it is common knowledge that the chemistry is one of the subjects that are difficult to understand for its abstraction. Students\u27 average mastery of food chemistry is below 60%. The study found that information technology-based contextual inquiry approach to topic of food additives can improve students\u27 critical thinking skills. Increase in scores from pretest to posttest is experienced by all samples with different N-Gain values. The majority (59%) is in medium category, 20% in high category and a fraction (11%) is in low category. Information technology-based contextual inquiry approach to the topic of food additives makes students more active and increases learning enthusias

Contextual analysis: a multiperspective inquiry into emergence of complex socio-cultural systems

This paper explores the concept of organizations as complex human activity systems, through the perspectives of alternative systemic models. The impact of alternative models on perception of individual and organizational emergence is highlighted. Using information systems development as an example of management activity, individual and collective sense-making and learning processes are discussed. Their roles in relation to information systems concepts are examined. The main locus of the paper is on individual emergence in the context of organizational systems. A case is made for the importance of attending to individual uniqueness and contextual dependency when carrying out organizational analyses, e.g. information systems analysis. One particular method for contextual inquiry, the framework for Strategic Systemic Thinking, is then introduced, The framework supports stakeholders to own and control their own analyses. This approach provides a vehicle through which multiple levels of contextual dependencies can be explored and allows for individual emergence to develop

Contextual Inquiry of a Major US Airline Systems Operation Center

A contextual inquiry was conducted at the airline’s Systems Operations Control (SOC) from the 13-15th of November 2006. A total of 26 hours of direct observation were conducted with various members of the SOC Staff including several of the Operations Coordinators, the ATC Coordinators, and the Operations Manager. During the inquiry a wide variety of situations occurred: unscheduled maintenance delays, estimated ready time slips, multiple hub ground delay programs, severely reduced arrival rates due to cross-directional winds, ground delay program revisions, and diversions of international flights. The vast majority of these situations were handled as if they were no different from routine operations; however, there were moments when the key SOC personnel were fully involved in the situation and the normal coordination and collaboration between the ATCCs, OCs, MOC and crew coordinators reverted to top down command and control. Thus the workload is not evenly distributed across all SOC personnel because of the geographic distribution of responsibilities. In addition to these observations this inquiry identified three issues with specific design implications, all centered around the OC’s work practices: overly involved coordination sessions with MOC, lack of control of printer output, and the use of schedule printouts as a primary source of solution information. All three of these issues lead to inefficiencies in the SOC operation, despite which, however, the SOC in general and the OCs in particular are able to remain effective. This report suggests that the OCs could become more efficient by shedding some of their printer maintenance tasks, extended MOC coordination sessions, and more effectively using software tools. In order to achieve this high level of effectiveness the SOC personnel actively adapt their roles and the balance of power depending on the level of operational disruption. With the addition of an MOC representative in the SOC or the availability of key maintenancerelated scheduling data, increased effectiveness may also be achievable under conditions of limited disruption. Changing the flow of messages from the printer to an on-screen system will help minimize the ‘busy’ work associated with maintaining the printer and keeping up with the printouts. Introducing new hardware and software tools to aid with the schedule sorting and filtering may also provide increased efficiency, especially for the more junior OCs

Business models for sustained ehealth implementation: lessons from two continents

There is general consensus that Computers and Information Technology have the potential to enhance health systems applications, and many good examples of such applications exist all over the world. Unfortunately, with respect to eHealth and telemedicine, there is much disillusionment and scepticism. This paper describes two models that were developed separately, but had the same purpose, namely to facilitate a holistic approach to the development and implementation of eHealth solutions. The roadmap of the Centre for eHealth Research (CeHRes roadmap) was developed in the Netherlands, and the Telemedicine Maturity Model (TMMM) was developed in South Africa. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the commonalities and differences of these approaches, and to explore how they can be used to complement each other. The first part of this paper comprises of a comparison of these models in terms of origin, research domain and design principles. Case comparisons are then presented to illustrate how these models complement one another