Addressing the evolution of automated user behaviour patterns by runtime model interpretation

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10270-013-0371-3The use of high-level abstraction models can facilitate and improve not only system development but also runtime system evolution. This is the idea of this work, in which behavioural models created at design time are also used at runtime to evolve system behaviour. These behavioural models describe the routine tasks that users want to be automated by the system. However, users¿ needs may change after system deployment, and the routine tasks automated by the system must evolve to adapt to these changes. To facilitate this evolution, the automation of the specified routine tasks is achieved by directly interpreting the models at runtime. This turns models into the primary means to understand and interact with the system behaviour associated with the routine tasks as well as to execute and modify it. Thus, we provide tools to allow the adaptation of this behaviour by modifying the models at runtime. This means that the system behaviour evolution is performed by using high-level abstractions and avoiding the costs and risks associated with shutting down and restarting the system.This work has been developed with the support of MICINN, under the project EVERYWARE TIN2010-18011, and the support of the Christian Doppler Forschungsgesellschaft and the BMWFJ, Austria.Serral Asensio, E.; Valderas Aranda, PJ.; Pelechano Ferragud, V. (2013). Addressing the evolution of automated user behaviour patterns by runtime model interpretation. Software and Systems Modeling. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-013-0371-3SWeiser, M.: The computer of the 21st century. Sci. Am. 265, 66–75 (1991)Serral, E., Valderas, P., Pelechano, V.: Context-adaptive coordination of pervasive services by interpreting models during runtime. Comput. J. 56(1), 87–114 (2013)Ajila, S.A., Alam, S.: Using a formal language constructs for software model evolution. In: Third IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (IEEE-ICSC 2009). Berkeley, CA, USA, pp. 390–395 (2009)Bennett, K., Rajlich, V.: Software Maintenance and Evolution: A Roadmap. In: 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2000). Limerick, Ireland, pp. 75–87 (2000)Mens, T.: The ERCIM working group on software evolution: the past and the future. In: Proceedings of the Joint International and Annual ERCIM Workshops on Principles of Software Evolution (IWPSE) and Software Evolution (Evol) Workshops. ACM (2009)Mens, T., Wermelinger, M., Ducasse, S., Demeyer, S., Hirschfeld, R.: Challenges in software evolution. In: Report of the ChaSE 2005 Workshop Organised by the ERCIM Working Group on Software Evolution. IWPSE-05. Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 13–22 (2005)Hirschfeld, R., Kawamura, K., Berndt, H.: Dynamic service adaptation for runtime system extensions. In: Wireless On-Demand Network Systems, pp. 227–240. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Madonna di Campiglio, Italy (2004)Lientz, B.P., Swanson, E.B.: Software maintenance management: a study of the maintenance of computer applications software in 487 data processing organizations. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1980)Buckley, J., Mens, T., Zenger, M., Rashid, A., Kniesel, G.: Towards a taxonomy of software change. J. Softw. Maint. Evolut. Res. Pract. 17(5), 309–332 (2003)Hardian, B., Indulska, J., Henricksen, K.: Balancing autonomy and user control in context-aware systems—a survey. In: CoMoRea, IEEE PerCom Workshops 2006. (2006)Biegel, G., Cahill, V.: A framework for developing mobile, context-aware applications. In: The 2nd IEEE Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communication (PerCom), pp. 361–365 (2004)Hofer, T., Schwinger, W., Pichler, M., Leonhartsberger, G., Altmann, J.: Context-awareness on mobile devices—the hydrogen approach. In: The 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, pp. 292–302 (2002)Dey, A.K.: Understanding and using context. Pers. Ubiquitous Comput. 5(1), 4–7 (2001)Sheng, Q.Z., Benatallah, B.: ContextUML: a UML-based modelling language for model-driven development of context-aware web services. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Mobile, Business (ICMB’05). pp. 206–212 (2005)Henricksen, K., Indulska, J.: A software engineering framework for context-aware pervasive computing. In: Proceedings of the Second IEEE Annual Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom 2004), pp. 77–86. IEEE, Orlando, FL, USA (2004)Baldauf, M., Dustdar, S., Rosenberg, F.: A survey on context-aware systems. Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput. 2(4), 263–277 (2007)Ye, J., Coyle, L., Dobson, S., Nixon, P.: Ontology-based models in pervasive computing systems. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 22(4), 315–347 (2007)Chen, H., Finin, T., Joshi, A.: An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments. Special Issue on Ontologies for Distributed Systems. Knowl. Eng. Rev. 18(3), 197–207 (2004)Welty, C., McGuinness, D.L.: OWL Web Ontology Language Guide. vol. W3C Recomm. W3C Recommendation 10 Feb 2004 (2004)Shepherd, A.: HTA as a framework for task analysis. Ergonomics 41, 1537–1552 (1998)Serral, E., Valderas, P., Pelechano, V.: Towards the model driven development of context-aware pervasive systems. Special Issue on Context Modelling, Reasoning and Management. PMC 6(2), 254–280 (2010)Serral, E.: Automating Routine Tasks in Smart Environments. A Context-aware Model-driven Approach, Technical University of Valencia (2011)Mellor, S.J., Balcer, M.J.: Executable UML: A Foundation for Model Driven Architecture. Addison-Wesley, Indianapolis (2002)Muñoz, J., Ferragud, D.V.P.: Model Driven Development of Pervasive Systems. Building a Software Factory. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia (2008)Juric, M.B., Sarang, P.: Business Process Execution Language for Web Services: BPEL and BPEL4WS (2006)Loke, S.W., Smanchat, S., Ling, S., Indrawan, M.: Formal mirror models: an approach to just-in-time reasoning for device ecologies. Int. J. Smart Home 2(1), 15–32 (2008)Code Generation conference. http://www.codegeneration.net/cg2010/ (2010)Guy, M.: Report 2: API Good Practice Good practice for provision of and consuming APIs. UKOLN (2009)Bloch, J.: How to design a good API and why it matters. pp. 506–507 (2005)Sirin, E., Parsia, B., Grau, B.C., Kalyanpur, A., Katz, Y.: Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoner. J. Web Semant. 5(2), 51–53 (2007)Bernstein, P.: Multiversion concurrency control—theory and algorithms. ACM Trans. Database Syst. 8(4), 465–484 (1983)Cooper, S., Dann, W., Pausch, R.: Alice: a 3-D tool for introductory programming concepts. J. Comput. Sci. Coll. 15, 107–116 (2000)Pérez, F., Valderas, P.: Allowing end-users to actively participate within the elicitation of pervasive system requirements through immediate visualization. In: Fourth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Visualization (REV), pp. 31–40. IEEE, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (2009)Lieberman, H., Paternó, F., Wulf, V.: End User Development. Springer, Dordrecht (2006)Nielsen, J.: Usability Engineering. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Francisco (1993)Van Welie, M., Trætteberg, H.: Interaction Patterns in User, Interfaces. pp. 13–16 (2000)Galitz, W.O.: The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques. Wiley, New York (2002)Kitchenham, B., Pickard, L., Pfleeger, S.L.: Case studies for method and tool evaluation. Softw. IEEE 12(4), 52–62 (1995)Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M., Ohlsson, M.C., Regnell, B., Wesslén, A.: Experimentation in Software Engineering. Springer, Berlin (2012)Jones, J.V.: Applied software measurement: assuring productivity & quality (2nd ed’97). McGraw-Hill, New York (1997)Strang, T., Linnhoff-Popien, C.: A context modeling survey. In: First International Workshop on Advanced Context Modelling, Reasoning And Management at UbiComp (2004)Lewis, J.R.: Psychometric Evaluation of an After-Scenario Questionnaire for Computer Usability Studies? The ASQ. SIGCHI Bulletin (1991)Cook, D.J., Youngblood, M., Heierman, I.I.I.E.O., Gopalratnam, K., Rao, S., Litvin, A., Khawaja, F.: MavHome: An Agent-based Smart Home. In: First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and, Communications (PerCom’03), pp. 521–524 (2003)Hagras, H., Callaghan, V., Colley, M., Clarke, G., Pounds-Cornish, A., Duman, H.: Creating an ambient-intelligence environment using embedded agents. IEEE Intell. Syst. 19(6), 12–20 (2004)Rashidi, P., Cook, D.J.: Keeping the resident in the loop: adapting the smart home to the user. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 39(5), 949–959 (2009)Webb, G.I., Pazzani, M.J., Billsus, D.: Machine learning for user modeling. User model. User-Adapt Interact. 11(1–2), 19–29 (2001)Valiant, L.G.: A theory of the learnable. Commun. ACM 27(11), 1134–1142 (1984)Serral, E., Valderas, P., Pelechano, V.: (2011) Improving the cold-start problem in user task automation by using models at runtime. In: Information Systems Development, pp. 671–683. (2011)García-Herranz, M., Haya, P.A., Esquivel, A., Montoro, G., Alamán, X.: Easing the smart home: semi-automatic adaptation in perceptive environments. J. Univers. Comput. Sci. 14(9), 1529–1544 (2008)Henricksen, K., Indulska, J., Rakotonirainy, A.: Using context and preferences to implement self-adapting pervasive computing applications. Sofw. Pract. Exp. 36(11–12), 1307–1330 (2006)Johnson, P.: Tasks and situations: considerations for models and design principles in human computer interaction, pp. 1199–1204. HCI International. Munich, Germany (1999)Cook, D.J., Das, S.K.: Smart environments: technologies, protocols, and applications, vol. 43. Wiley-Interscience, New York (2005)Paternò, F.: ConcurTaskTrees: an Engineered approach to model-based design of interactive systems. In: The Handbook of Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, pp. 483–500 (2002)Pribeanu, C., Limbourg, Q., Vanderdonckt1, J.: Task modelling for context-sensitive user interfaces. In: Interactive Systems: Design, Specification, and Verification (DSV-IS), pp. 49–68. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2001, Glasgow, Scotland, UK (2001)Souchon, N., Limbourg, Q., Vanderdonckt., J.: Task modelling in multiple contexts of use. In: Interactive Systems: Design, Specification, and Verification (DSV-IS), pp. 59–73 (2002)Huang, R., Cao, Q., Zhou, J., Sun, D., Su, Q.: Context-aware active task discovery for pervasive computing. In: International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, pp. 463–466. IEEE, Wuhan, China (2008)Sousa, J.P., Poladian, V., Garlan, D., Schmerl, B.: Task-based adaptation for ubiquitous computing. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 36(3), 328–340 (2006)Masuoka, R., Parsia, B., Labrou, Y.: Task Computing—The Semantic Web Meets Pervasive Computing. In: 2nd International Semantic Web Conference on the Semantic Web (ISWC 2003), pp. 866–881. vol. LNCS 2870. Sanibel Island, FL, USA (2003)Oreizy, P., Gorlick, M.M., Taylor, R.N., Heimbigner, D., Johnson, G., Medvidovic, N., Quilici, A., Rosenblum, D.S., Wolf, A.L.: An architecture-based approach to self-adaptive software. IEEE Intell. Syst. Their Appl. 14(3), 54–62 (1999)Floch, J., Hallsteinsen, S., Stav, E., Eliassen, F., Lund, K., Gjørven, E.: Using Architecture Models for Runtime Adaptability. IEEE Software. 23(2), 62–70 (2006)Morin, B., Jézéquel, J.-M., Fleurey, F., Solberg, A.: Models at runtime to support dynamic adaptation. IEEE Comput. Soc. pp. 46–53 (2009)Cetina, C., Giner, P., Fons, J., Pelechano, V.: Using feature models for developing self-configuring smart homes. In: Fifth International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems, pp. 179–188. IEEE, Valencia, Spain (2009)Garlan, D., Schmerl, B.: Using architectural models at runtime: research challenges. In: Proceedings of the European Workshop on Software Architectures, pp. 200–205. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, St Andrews, UK (2004)Blumendorf, M., Lehmann, G., Feuerstack, S., Albayrak, S.: Executable models for human-computer interaction. In: Interactive Systems, Design, Specification, and Verification Workshop (DSV-IS 2008), pp. 238–251. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Kingston, Canada (2008)Ballagny, C., Hameurlain, N., Barbier, F.: MOCAS: a state-based component model for self-adaptation. In: Third IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems, pp. 206–215. IEEE, San Francisco, California (2009)Amoui, M., Derakhshanmanesh, M., Ebert, J., Tahvildari, L.: Achieving dynamic adaptation via management and interpretation of runtime models. J. Syst. Softw. 85(12), 2720–2737 (2012)Blair, G., Bencomo, N., France, R.B.: [email protected]. IEEE Comput. 42, 22–27 (2009)Zhang, J., Cheng, B.H.C.: Model based development of dynamically adaptive software. In: International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE’06), pp. 371–380. ACM, Shanghai, China (2006

Process-Oriented Information Logistics: Aligning Process Information with Business Processes

During the last decade, research in the field of business process management (BPM) has focused on the design, modeling, execution, monitoring, and optimization of business processes. What has been neglected, however, is the provision of knowledge workers and decision makers with needed information when performing knowledge-intensive business processes such as product engineering, customer support, or strategic management. Today, knowledge workers and decision makers are confronted with a massive load of data, making it difficult for them to discover the information relevant for performing their tasks. Particularly challenging in this context is the alignment of process-related information (process information for short), such as e-mails, office files, forms, checklists, guidelines, and best practices, with business processes and their tasks. In practice, process information is not only stored in large, distributed and heterogeneous sources, but usually managed separately from business processes. For example, shared drives, databases, enterprise portals, and enterprise information systems are used to store process information. In turn, business processes are managed using advanced process management technology. As a consequence, process information and business processes often need to be manually linked; i.e., process information is hard-wired to business processes, e.g., in enterprise portals associating specific process information with process tasks. This approach often fails due to high maintenance efforts and missing support for the individual demands of knowledge workers and decision makers. In response to this problem, this thesis introduces process-oriented information logistics(POIL) as new paradigm for delivering the right process information, in the right format and quality, at the right place and the right point in time, to the right people. In particular, POIL allows for the process-oriented, context-aware (i.e., personalized) delivery of process information to process participants. The goal is to no longer manually hard-wire process information to business processes, but to automatically identify and deliver relevant process information to knowledge workers and decision makers. The core component of POIL is a semantic information network (SIN), which comprises homogeneous information objects (e.g., e-mails, offce files, guidelines), process objects (e.g., tasks, events, roles), and relationships between them. In particular, a SIN allows discovering objects linked with each other in different ways, e.g., objects addressing the same topic or needed when performing a particular process task. The SIN not only enables an integrated formal representation of process information and business processes, but also allows determining the relevance of process information for a given work context based on novel techniques and algorithms. Note that this becomes crucial in order to achieve the aforementioned overall goal of this thesis

SANTRI’S LANGUAGE ATTITUDE TOWARD JAVANESE LANGUAGE ON PESANTREN TEACHING WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF JAVANESE LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE

The research is conducted with the aims at figuring out Javanese language attitude of santri studying at tradisional pesantren in Semarang. It will also reveal the positive output resulted from the attitude in defining Javanese language position within the context of Javanese language maintenance. The data are taken from 15 pesantren in Semarang by giving questionnaire to 20 percent of santri studying on each pesantren. Observation is also conducted to those 15 pesantren with the purpose to observe the use of Javanese language as the medium of teaching in Kitab classes. The result shows that overall, santri have positive attitude toward Javanese language. Almost all of the santri are able to use Javanese Ngoko, and all of them feel the need to use Javanese Krama to communicate with kyai, although they are also aware of the risk of making mistake in using it. The use of Javanese language is viewed not just as a neccesity but it is also considered important sentimentally, that is Javanese language is considered as part of their identity. The use of Javanese language is also considered important in term of continuing pesantren’s tradition. These views reflect the instrumental attachment toward Javanese language as well, that is Javanese language will continue be used as medium of instruction in Kitab teaching, and therefore santri who wish to establish their on pesantren/teaching will feel the need to keep on usi ng Javanese language in their teaching for the future generation

Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks

In this chapter, we present a literature survey of an emerging, cutting-edge, and multi-disciplinary field of research at the intersection of Robotics and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which we refer to as Robotic Wireless Sensor Networks (RWSN). We define a RWSN as an autonomous networked multi-robot system that aims to achieve certain sensing goals while meeting and maintaining certain communication performance requirements, through cooperative control, learning and adaptation. While both of the component areas, i.e., Robotics and WSN, are very well-known and well-explored, there exist a whole set of new opportunities and research directions at the intersection of these two fields which are relatively or even completely unexplored. One such example would be the use of a set of robotic routers to set up a temporary communication path between a sender and a receiver that uses the controlled mobility to the advantage of packet routing. We find that there exist only a limited number of articles to be directly categorized as RWSN related works whereas there exist a range of articles in the robotics and the WSN literature that are also relevant to this new field of research. To connect the dots, we first identify the core problems and research trends related to RWSN such as connectivity, localization, routing, and robust flow of information. Next, we classify the existing research on RWSN as well as the relevant state-of-the-arts from robotics and WSN community according to the problems and trends identified in the first step. Lastly, we analyze what is missing in the existing literature, and identify topics that require more research attention in the future

Living Knowledge

Diversity, especially manifested in language and knowledge, is a function of local goals, needs, competences, beliefs, culture, opinions and personal experience. The Living Knowledge project considers diversity as an asset rather than a problem. With the project, foundational ideas emerged from the synergic contribution of different disciplines, methodologies (with which many partners were previously unfamiliar) and technologies flowed in concrete diversity-aware applications such as the Future Predictor and the Media Content Analyser providing users with better structured information while coping with Web scale complexities. The key notions of diversity, fact, opinion and bias have been defined in relation to three methodologies: Media Content Analysis (MCA) which operates from a social sciences perspective; Multimodal Genre Analysis (MGA) which operates from a semiotic perspective and Facet Analysis (FA) which operates from a knowledge representation and organization perspective. A conceptual architecture that pulls all of them together has become the core of the tools for automatic extraction and the way they interact. In particular, the conceptual architecture has been implemented with the Media Content Analyser application. The scientific and technological results obtained are described in the following

Managing Process Variants in the Process Life Cycle

When designing process-aware information systems, often variants of the same process have to be specified. Each variant then constitutes an adjustment of a particular process to specific requirements building the process context. Current Business Process Management (BPM) tools do not adequately support the management of process variants. Usually, the variants have to be kept in separate process models. This leads to huge modeling and maintenance efforts. In particular, more fundamental process changes (e.g., changes of legal regulations) often require the adjustment of all process variants derived from the same process; i.e., the variants have to be adapted separately to meet the new requirements. This redundancy in modeling and adapting process variants is both time consuming and error-prone. This paper presents the Provop approach, which provides a more flexible solution for managing process variants in the process life cycle. In particular, process variants can be configured out of a basic process following an operational approach; i.e., a specific variant is derived from the basic process by applying a set of well-defined change operations to it. Provop provides full process life cycle support and allows for flexible process configuration resulting in a maintainable collection of process variants

Self-management of context-aware overlay ambient networks

Ambient Networks (ANs) are dynamically changing and heterogeneous as they consist of potentially large numbers of independent, heterogeneous mobile nodes, with spontaneous topologies that can logically interact with each other to share a common control space, known as the Ambient Control Space. ANs are also flexible i.e. they can compose and decompose dynamically and automatically, for supporting the deployment of cross-domain (new) services. Thus, the AN architecture must be sophisticatedly designed to support such high level of dynamicity, heterogeneity and flexibility. We advocate the use of service specific overlay networks in ANs, that are created on-demand according to specific service requirements, to deliver, and to automatically adapt services to the dynamically changing user and network context. This paper presents a self-management approach to create, configure, adapt, contextualise, and finally teardown service specific overlay networks