Dissipation Theory-Based Ecological Protection and Restoration Scheme Construction for Reclamation Projects and Adjacent Marine Ecosystems.

According to the 2017 results of the Special Inspector of Sea Reclamation, a substantial number of idle reclamation zones existed in 11 provinces (cities) along the coast of China. To improve the protection level of coastal wetlands and strictly control reclamation activities, it is necessary to carry out ecological restoration of reclamation projects and adjacent marine ecosystems. The characteristics of Guanghai Bay and its reclamation project are typical in China’s coastal areas, making it an optimal representative site for this study. The dissipative structure and entropy theory was used to analyze ecological problems and environmental threats. The analytic hierarchy process was applied to determine the order of the negative entropy flow importance. The entropy increase and decrease mechanism was used to determine an ecological protection and restoration scheme for the reclamation, including the reclamation of wetland resource restoration, shoreline landscape restoration, environmental pollution control, and marine biological resource restoration. Finally, based on system logic, a typical ecological restoration system was constructed east of Guanghai Bay, with the mangrove wetland area as the model in the north and the artificial sandbeach recreation area as the focus in the south

Sustainable Construction Engineering and Management

This Book is a Printed Edition of the Special Issue which covers sustainability as an emerging requirement in the fields of construction management, project management and engineering. We invited authors to submit their theoretical or experimental research articles that address the challenges and opportunities for sustainable construction in all its facets, including technical topics and specific operational or procedural solutions, as well as strategic approaches aimed at the project, company or industry level. Central to developments are smart technologies and sophisticated decision-making mechanisms that augment sustainable outcomes. The Special Issue was received with great interest by the research community and attracted a high number of submissions. The selection process sought to balance the inclusion of a broad representative spread of topics against research quality, with editors and reviewers settling on thirty-three articles for publication. The Editors invite all participating researchers and those interested in sustainable construction engineering and management to read the summary of the Special Issue and of course to access the full-text articles provided in the Book for deeper analyses

Recent Progress in Urbanisation Dynamics Research

This book is dedicated to urbanization, which is observed every day, as well as the methods and techniques of monitoring and analyzing this phenomenon. In the 21st century, urbanization has gained momentum, and the awareness of the significance and influence of this phenomenon on our lives make us take a closer look at it not only with curiosity, but also great attention. There are numerous reasons for this, among which the economy is of special significance, but it also has many results, namely, economic, social, and environmental. First of all, it is a spatial phenomenon, as all of the aspects can be placed in space. We would therefore like to draw special attention to the results of urbanization seen on the Earth's surface and in the surrounding space. The urbanization–land relation seems obvious, but is also interesting and multi-layered. The development of science and technology provides a lot of new tools for observing urbanization, as well as the analyses and inference of the phenomenon in space. This book is devoted to in-depth analysis of past, present and future urbanization processes all over the world. We present the latest trends of research that use experience in the widely understood geography of the area. This book is focused on multidisciplinary phenomenon, i.e., urbanization, with the use of the satellite and photogrammetric observation technologies and GIS analyses

Secure and Sustainable Energy System

This special issue aims to contribute to the climate actions which called for the need to address Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, keeping global warming to well below 2°C through various means, including accelerating renewables, clean fuels, and clean technologies into the entire energy system. As long as fossil fuels (coal, gas and oil) are still used in the foreseeable future, it is vital to ensure that these fossil fuels are used cleanly through abated technologies. Financing the clean and energy transition technologies is vital to ensure the smooth transition towards net zero emission by 2050 or beyond. The lack of long‐term financing, the low rate of return, the existence of various risks, and the lack of capacity of market players are major challenges to developing sustainable energy systems.This special collected 17 high-quality empirical studies that assess the challenges for developing secure and sustainable energy systems and provide practical policy recommendations. The editors of this special issue wish to thank the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) for funding several papers that were published in this special issue

Preliminary study in discovering 2-propen-1-one, 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- from syzygium aqueum leaves as a tyrosinase inhibitor in food product: experimental and theoretical approach

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) in combination with central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were performed to optimize the extraction parameters for total phenolic content (TPC) on Syzygium aqueum (S. aqueum) leaves. The effect of operational conditions on the extraction of S. aqueum leaves using carbon dioxide (CO2) on TPC was investigated. The conditions used in the supercritical extraction with CO2 included temperatures of (40-70 °C), pressures (2200-4500 psi) and extraction time (40-100 min). The highest TPC (3.5893 mg GAE/mg) was obtained at optimum conditions of 55 °C, 3350 psi and 70 min. The major compound in the optimized crude extract was2-propen-1-one,1-(2,4Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)- (82.65 %) which was identified by GC-MS. COSMO-RS was introduced to study the σ-profile between CO2 and 2-propen-1-one,1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to classify major compound which exhibit similar chemical properties with selected control. 2-propen-1-one,1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4methoxyphenyl)- has similar chemical properties with kaempferol as tyrosinase inhibitor. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and molecular docking were plotted to investigate a recognition manner of 2-propen-1-one,1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-upon tyrosinase receptor

Green Technologies for Production Processes

This book focuses on original research works about Green Technologies for Production Processes, including discrete production processes and process production processes, from various aspects that tackle product, process, and system issues in production. The aim is to report the state-of-the-art on relevant research topics and highlight the barriers, challenges, and opportunities we are facing. This book includes 22 research papers and involves energy-saving and waste reduction in production processes, design and manufacturing of green products, low carbon manufacturing and remanufacturing, management and policy for sustainable production, technologies of mitigating CO2 emissions, and other green technologies

Low-carbon indicator system – Sino: Bewertung für umweltfreundliche Stadtentwicklungsstufen in China

Climate change is affecting human society in different aspects, thus attracting global focus. With over half of the global population now living in urban areas, cities will face great challenges as they are hotspots for disaster and climate risks and major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, as a highly artificial system, urban development depends on human decisions to a large extent. It is possible to minimize the influence through reasonable development strategies. The previous concept and endeavor of sustainable cities likely need to be adjusted according to climate change. China and other emerging countries are experiencing a rapid urbanization, industrialization and modernization process that will result in a significant increase in economic development and urban construction in the future decades. In this process, if the urban development follows the traditional pattern, once they are built, cities will be locked in an energy- and carbon-intensive development model over a considerable period of time. Low-carbon city development will ensure that the process is more resilient to potential climate crisis and at the same time prevent aggravation of the ongoing climate change. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an appropriate evaluation framework of low-carbon city development levels in China. German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) launched the “Cooperative Project Shanghai: Integrated Approaches towards a Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Urban Development – Urban Form, Mobility, Housing and Living” in 2008 and entrusted the Institute of City Planning and Urban Design at the University of Duisburg-Essen to develop a tool “Low Carbon Index (LCI®)” to evaluate the energy-efficiency and CO2 emissions of urban areas, which has been tested in the Shanghai Hongqiao Low Carbon Business Center project. This evaluation tool is intuitive and understandable, and provides a new consideration for the study of low-carbon city evaluation, but improvements are still needed in terms of practice guidance, operability, flexibility, etc. Under this background, the aim of the thesis is to develop a low-carbon city evaluation system for Chinese cities based on the experience of LCI®, in order to provide standards and guidance for low-carbon city development in China. Firstly, the connotation and definition of the low-carbon city was taken from a review of the theory and its background. Based on the review of existing research achievements, the low-carbon city is defined as a city that strives to reduce its GHG emissions and increase its carbon sinks, while simultaneously adapting to the anticipated climate change impacts. This definition suggests that climate mitigation and adaptation are two key points of low-carbon city development with the same significance, and identifies these both as the main basis of low-carbon city evaluation. Secondly, six key climate-related urban sectors of “urban design”, “transport”, “energy”, “building”, “water”, and “municipal solid waste” were identified and their significance in low-carbon city evaluation, carbon emission contribution, climate risk, and climate mitigation and adaptation strategies were studied in depth. Action in these six sectors could substantially improve the level of low-carbon development in a city, thus, it indicates the orientation of low-carbon city evaluation. Thirdly, an evaluation framework of low-carbon city development level – Low-Carbon Indicator System – Sino (LCISS) is constructed. It consists of three parts: “indicator list”, “evaluation checklist and report”, and “development guideline”. “Indicator list” is the evaluation tool, which is a comprehensive indicator system constructed through coupling three urban planning scales with the six key urban sectors. It is organized as a three-level hierarchic structure that contains 6 first-class indicators, 17 second-class indicators, and 54 third-class indicators. All indicators of this system are selected by using Theoretical Analysis method and Delphi method, and the weight of the indicators is determined by Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. “Evaluation checklist and report” is the evaluation result as well as a systematic review of the situation of a city’s low-carbon development level. “Development guideline” is an action plan that describes where improvement is needed in the future. The feature of LCISS is that it could help cities to evaluate the process and status of their low-carbon development, to identify where inefficiencies occur as well as where action is needed, to assess the potential for improvement, and to formulate an action plan, so as to advance the low-carbon development in a more efficient way. Finally, the evaluation framework of Low-Carbon Indicator System – Sino was tested using the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) project as an example. The evaluation results showed that SSTEC has advantages in low-carbon development at all three urban planning scales, but there is still room for improvement in several sectors, such as traffic management, building certification, flood control, and waste recycling regulations. The results of this evaluation conform with the actual development situation of SSTEC. It is expected that this thesis will be of practical value for the low-carbon city evaluation process.Der Klimawandel gewinnt zunehmend weltweite Aufmerksamkeit; denn er beeinflusst die Gesellschaft in vielfältiger Weise. Über die Hälfte der Weltbevölkerung lebt heute in Großstädten. Daher werden diese großen Herausforderungen zu bewältigen haben; denn sie werden sowohl Brennpunkte für Klimakatastrophen und –risiken als auch die Hauptverursacher der Treibhausgasemissionen sein. Stadtentwicklung ist ein hochkomplexes künstliches System, das hauptsächlich von menschlichen Entscheidungen abhängig ist. Insofern können vernünftige Entwicklungsstrategien Katastrophen und Risiken minimiert werden. Bisherige Konzepte und Bemühungen zukunftsfähiger Städte müssen dem Klimawandel entsprechend angepasst werden. China und andere Schwellenländer erleben gerade einen rapiden Urbanisierungs-, Industrialisierungs- und Modernisierungsprozess, der in einem bedeutenden Anstieg von Bauprojekten und wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung in den kommenden Jahrzehnten münden wird. Wenn die Stadtentwicklung dem bisherigen Muster folgt, werden die Städte, sobald sie gebaut sind, über einen beträchtlichen Zeitraum in einem energie- und kohleabhängigen Entwicklungsmodell stecken bleiben. Umweltfreundliche Stadtentwicklung garantiert eine belastbarere Entwicklung im Angesicht einer potentiellen Klimakrise und beugt gleichzeitig einer Verschärfung des andauernden Klimawandels vor. Daher ist es dringend notwendig, angemessene Bewertungsmaßstäbe für umweltfreundliche Entwicklungsstufen in China zu entwickeln. Das deutsche Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) startete 2008 das „Cooperative Project Shanghai: Integrated Approaches towards a Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Urban Development – Urban Form, Mobility, Housing and Living” und beauftragte das Institut für Stadtplanung und Städtebau an der Universität Duisburg-Essen mit der Entwicklung des „Low Carbon Index (LCI®)”, um Energieeffizienz und CO2 Emissionen im städtischen Raum bewerten zu können. Dieser Index wurde bereits im Shanghai Hongqiao Low Carbon Business Center Projekt getestet. Dieses Bewertungsinstrument ist intuitiv und verständlich und stellt eine neue Betrachtungsweise für die Erforschung der Bewertung umweltfreundlicher Städte dar, allerdings sind immer noch Verbesserungen vonnöten, was den Praxisbezug, die Bedienbarkeit und die Flexibilität anlangt. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel der Arbeit, ein System für die Bewertung der Umweltfreundlichkeit chinesischer Städte auf der Praxiserfahrung des LCI® zu entwickeln, um Standards und Anleitungen für eine umweltfreundliche Stadtentwicklung in China zur Verfügung stellen zu können. Zunächst wurden Inhalte und Definition einer umweltfreundlichen Stadt hergeleitet aus der Betrachtung der Theorie und deren Hintergrund. Basierend auf der Auswertung bereits vorhandener Forschungsergebnisse ist die umweltfreundliche Stadt als eine definiert, die sich für eine Reduzierung der Treibhausgas-Emissionen und Anhebung der Kohlenstoffsenken einsetzt, während sie sich gleichzeitig an die erwarteten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels anpasst. Diese Definition unterstellt, dass Klimaschutz und -anpassung zwei elementare Schlüsselaspekte der umweltfreundlichen Stadtentwicklung von gleichrangiger Bedeutung sind, und bestimmt diese beiden auch als Hauptgrundlage für die Bewertung der umweltfreundlichen Stadt. Zweitens wurden die sechs stadtrelevanten Klimafaktoren Stadtgestaltung, Transport, Energie, Gebäude, Wasser und kommunale Abfälle bestimmt und ihre Bedeutung für die Bewertung der umweltfreundlichen Stadt, den Anteil an Kohlenstoffemissionen, die Klimagefährdung, den Klimaschutz und Anpassungsstrategien ausgiebig untersucht. Ein Handeln in diesen sechs Bereichen könnte erheblich den Grad einer umweltfreundlichen städtischen Entwicklung steigern. Damit werden auch die Richtlinien für eine Bewertung umweltfreundlicher Städte bestimmt. Drittens wird ein Bewertungsrahmen zur Bemessung der umweltfreundlichen Stadtentwicklung – Low-Carbon Indicator System – Sino (LCISS) geschaffen. Er besteht aus drei Teilen: „indicator list”, „evaluation checklist and report”, und „development guideline”. Die Indikatorenliste ist ein Bewertungsinstrument, welches ein komplexes Indikatorensystem darstellt, das sich zusammensetzt aus der Verbindung von drei urbanen Planungsmaßstäben mit den o.g. sechs Faktoren. Konstruiert ist sie in einem dreistufigen hierarchischen Aufbau, der sechs erstrangige, 17 zweitrangige und 54 drittrangige Indikatoren enthält. Alle Indikatoren dieses Systems werden gewählt, indem die Theoretische Analyse Methode und die Delphi Methode zum Tragen kommen. Die Gewichtung der Indikatoren wird durch die Delphi Methode und die Analytische Hierarchie Prozess (AHP) Methode festgelegt. Bewertung, Checkliste und Bericht („evaluation checklist and report”) meint das Bewertungsergebnis ebenso wie die systematische Erfassung des Entwicklungsstands der gegenwärtigen städtischen Umweltfreundlichkeit. Entwicklungsrichtlinie („development guideline”) bezieht sich auf den Aktionsplan, der beschreibt, wo Verbesserungen nötig sind. Das Leistungsmerkmal des LCISS ist, Städten zeigen zu können, wie man den Prozess und gegenwärtigen Stand einer umweltfreundlichen Entwicklung bewerten, Ineffizienzen herausfinden und Aktionsbedarf, Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten und Aktionspläne ermitteln kann, um die umweltfreundliche Entwicklung effektiver zu gestalten. Schließlich wurde der Bewertungsrahmen des Low-Carbon Indicator Systems – Sino getestet, indem das Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City (SSTEC) Projekt als Beispiel herangezogen wurde. Die Bewertungsergebnisse zeigten, dass das SSTEC zwar Vorteile in der umweltfreundlichen Entwicklung auf allen drei städtischen Planungsebenen bringt, jedoch immer noch Raum für Verbesserungen in einigen Bereichen da ist, beispielsweise in der Verkehrsplanung, der Gebäudebewertung, dem Hochwasserschutz und den Abfallaufbereitungsverordnungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Bewertung stimmen mit der aktuellen Entwicklungssituation beim SSTEC überein. Es wird erwartet, dass diese Arbeit von praktischem Nutzen für einen umweltfreundlichen Stadtentwicklungsprozess ist

Smart Energy Management for Smart Grids

This book is a contribution from the authors, to share solutions for a better and sustainable power grid. Renewable energy, smart grid security and smart energy management are the main topics discussed in this book

Sustainable Industrial Engineering along Product-Service Life Cycle/Supply Chain

Sustainable industrial engineering addresses the sustainability issue from economic, environmental, and social points of view. Its application fields are the whole value chain and lifecycle of products/services, from the development to the end-of-life stages. This book aims to address many of the challenges faced by industrial organizations and supply chains to become more sustainable through reinventing their processes and practices, by continuously incorporating sustainability guidelines and practices in their decisions, such as circular economy, collaboration with suppliers and customers, using information technologies and systems, tracking their products’ life-cycle, using optimization methods to reduce resource use, and to apply new management paradigms to help mitigate many of the wastes that exist across organizations and supply chains. This book will be of interest to the fast-growing body of academics studying and researching sustainability, as well as to industry managers involved in sustainability management

Products and Services

Today’s global economy offers more opportunities, but is also more complex and competitive than ever before. This fact leads to a wide range of research activity in different fields of interest, especially in the so-called high-tech sectors. This book is a result of widespread research and development activity from many researchers worldwide, covering the aspects of development activities in general, as well as various aspects of the practical application of knowledge