di- passive, oblique adjunct, information structure, object-focus constructions

Legal document does not only contain information set forth in it but also performs something to the parties therein. And its translation into English is required to be equivalent with the Indonesia couser document. The objective of this study is to recognize performative speech acts used in the translation of Indonesian legal documents into English. To discuss the problems of this study, two theories are applied, namely, the translation theory of Newmark completed by the concept of pragmatic (for what purpose, to whom, when and where the legal documents are used), while for speech acts typology, Searle’s theory is applied. The data used for this research were taken from 6 (six) legal documents in the form of employment contract, conciliation agreement, lease agreement, sales agreement, lease of residence and business place and lease agreement of villa. Based on the result of the analysis, it was found that from the five types of speech acts as proposed by Searle and Cruse, only 4 (four) speech acts were found, namely, (1) representative, (2) directive, (3) comissive, and (4) declarative speech acts. While expressive speech acts was not found in this research

Identifying Implementation Bugs in Machine Learning based Image Classifiers using Metamorphic Testing

We have recently witnessed tremendous success of Machine Learning (ML) in practical applications. Computer vision, speech recognition and language translation have all seen a near human level performance. We expect, in the near future, most business applications will have some form of ML. However, testing such applications is extremely challenging and would be very expensive if we follow today's methodologies. In this work, we present an articulation of the challenges in testing ML based applications. We then present our solution approach, based on the concept of Metamorphic Testing, which aims to identify implementation bugs in ML based image classifiers. We have developed metamorphic relations for an application based on Support Vector Machine and a Deep Learning based application. Empirical validation showed that our approach was able to catch 71% of the implementation bugs in the ML applications.Comment: Published at 27th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis (ISSTA 2018

Bertutur Santun Melalui Ttl

Courtesy ( politeness ) is one of the recalled strategies to maintain good relations between speaker and hearer . In this study, politeness is defined as the awareness of speakers will image the hearer; a concept called ‘the face\u27 (Brown and Levinson, 1987). To express politeness, one of which is realized with indirect speech act (TTL), for example, to declare a function directive, speakers can use direct speech (TL) with the imperative sentences and use TTL with declarative or interrogative sentences. This study aims to find a form of directive utterances in Japanese as well as politeness strategies. The benefit of this research is to provide choice to the learner how to speak Japanese, especially for express orders using TTL. Data obtained through the identification process to find speech that is suspected to contain commands mean. This step begins by identifying and marking the discourse in the form of dialogues that contains the event said directive . Directive speech is then transcribed (romanization) , which over the alphabet of Japanese characters into Latin letters. After transcription, triangulation to native speakers. Subsequently translation (transliteration) of the Japanese language as the source language (BS) into the Indonesian language as the target (BT). The translation process includes : (1) translation literally, is glossed words each forming the speech or discourse; (2) a free translation, the translation is bound context that focuses on BT. This is done so that the translation is communicative. Based on the results of the study found seven forms of expression TTL directive to express politeness in Japanese , namely : Form [ VTE ] , [ ~ mashō ] , [ ~ kara ] , [ ~ te hoshii ] , [ ~ yattorun ? ] , [ ~ U / yo ] , and [ ~ yoni suru shikanai ]

BUCEADOR, a multi-language search engine for digital libraries

This paper presents a web-based multimedia search engine built within the Buceador (www.buceador.org) research project. A proof-of-concept tool has been implemented which is able to retrieve information from a digital library made of multimedia documents in the 4 official languages in Spain (Spanish, Basque, Catalan and Galician). The retrieved documents are presented in the user language after translation and dubbing (the four previous languages + English). The paper presents the tool functionality, the architecture, the digital library and provide some information about the technology involved in the fields of automatic speech recognition, statistical machine translation, text-to-speech synthesis and information retrieval. Each technology has been adapted to the purposes of the presented tool as well as to interact with the rest of the technologies involved.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Performative Speech Acts in the Translation of Indonesian Legal Documents into English

The aim of this research is to find out speech acts used in legal documents. To discuss the problems of this research, two theories are applied, namely, the translation theory of Newmark completed by the concept of pragmatic (for what purpose, to whom, when and where the legal documents are used), while for speech acts typology, Searle's theory is applied. The data used for this research were taken from 6 (six) legal documents in the form of employment contract, conciliation agreement, lease agreement, sales agreement, lease of resident and business place and lease of villa agreement. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that from the five specific types of speech acts put forward by Searle and Cruse, only 4 (four) speech acts were found, namely, (1) representative, (2) directive, (3) comisive, and (4) declarative speech acts.  While expressive speech act was not found in this research

The translation of speech acts in Arabic legal documents: a case study of Palestine divorce contracts

This study deals with the translation of speech acts in legal documents from Arabic into English. It aims at describing the translatability of speech acts to determine whether there are meaning loss or meaning gain and the reasons behind that. In doing so, the study follows Searle’s speech acts concept and taxonomy since Searle’s taxonomy is based on the illocutionary force of the speech act. Being a qualitative study, samples of translated divorce contracts have been collected from Palestinian sworn translators and translation certified offices. Speech acts have been identified, categorized, and analyzed based on Searle taxonomy. Then, the translation of the speech acts is analyzed in terms of the meaning of the illocutionary force of the different speech acts. The study has revealed that the illocutionary force is conveyed completely in some cases. In other cases, it is affected by the translators’ choices in using active voices instead of passive voices, present perfect and simple past instead of simple present, mistranslation of some verbs expressing directive force, probability modals instead of prohibition modals, style shift from direct speech into indirect speech, and omission of introducing verbs of speech act force. It is concluded that both sematic and pragmatic norms should be taken into consideration in translating speech acts of legal documents, which optimize Arabic - English legal translation

THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE IMAGE OF JAVANESE AS AN OLD LANGUAGE THROUGH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF JAVANESE CULTURAL TERMS IN INDONESIAN NOVEL ‘GADIS KRETEK’

As on old language, Javanese has its uniqueness. The uniqueness of Javanese language is reflected through the use of speech level and the distinctive specification in addressing things and activities. Consequently, Javanese language is rich with vocabularies and it has many specific cultural terms in many aspects and activities. In Indonesian novel ‘Gadis Kretek’, many Javanese cultural terms are incorporated to depict and construct Javanese social life, characterization, and issues. Such cultural terms become a challenge for the English translator since they symbolize the oldness of Javanese language. This research unfolds the translation techniques used by translator in translating Javanese cultural terms in novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ as well as the translation quality of the English translation. The data of this study were taken based on the certain criteria of cultural terms in Javanese found in the original novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ and its English translation ‘Cigarette Girl’. The data source was in the form of documents and informants. The documents included the original novel ‘Gadis Kretek’ and its English translation ‘Cigarette Girl’. The informants were the raters who assessed the quality of translation. This study concludes based on the translation techniques used and the finding of the translation quality, the translator is not very successful in the attempt of reconstructing the image of Javanese as an old language because the translator fails as shown in many analyzed data to deliver the specifics of Javanese cultural terms, at least their concept in the translation

Using same-language machine translation to create alternative target sequences for text-to-speech synthesis

Modern speech synthesis systems attempt to produce speech utterances from an open domain of words. In some situations, the synthesiser will not have the appropriate units to pronounce some words or phrases accurately but it still must attempt to pronounce them. This paper presents a hybrid machine translation and unit selection speech synthesis system. The machine translation system was trained with English as the source and target language. Rather than the synthesiser only saying the input text as would happen in conventional synthesis systems, the synthesiser may say an alternative utterance with the same meaning. This method allows the synthesiser to overcome the problem of insufficient units in runtime