Laboratory requirements for in-situ and remote sensing of suspended material

Recommendations for laboratory and in-situ measurements required for remote sensing of suspended material are presented. This study investigates the properties of the suspended materials, factors influencing the upwelling radiance, and the various types of remote sensing techniques. Calibration and correlation procedures are given to obtain the accuracy necessary to quantify the suspended materials by remote sensing. In addition, the report presents a survey of the national need for sediment data, the agencies that deal with and require the data of suspended sediment, and a summary of some recent findings of sediment measurements

Assessment of alternative strategies for sludge disposal into deep ocean basins off Southern California

The general framework of engineering alternatives for regional ocean sludge disposal is well described in a report by Raksit, and will not be repeated here. The various ocean disposal alternatives are less costly than all land-disposal and incineration/pyrolysis systems studied. Even though ocean sludge disposal is currently contrary to both state and federal regulations, it is hoped that this study will advance our scientific and engineering knowledge of the behavior and effects of sludge discharge in deep water, in case the regulatory policy is reexamined in the future. With this report we hope we have demonstrated the potential and difficulties of some new modeling techniques for predicting the effects of sludge discharge in the ocean. In the future. we believe it will be possible to formulate policy of ocean sludge discharges with much better case-by-case predictions of impacts for comparison with other alternatives (such as land disposal). not only for the Los Angeles/Orange County areas, but for all coastal urban areas

Terrestrial and Marine Geobiophysical Spatial Analysis and Modeling of Phytoplankton and Nutrients in Haifa Bay, Israel

Haifa Bay, Israel, is considered one of the most polluted environments in the nation. The bay water is enriched with nutrients and shows elevated levels of phytoplankton biomass. This requires continuous data collection to monitor productivity. The objectives of these remote sensing geobiophysical models were to (1) create a terrestrial model component to identify sources for the elevated levels of nutrients in the bay, and (2) marine model component to validate remote sensing algorithms for the detection of Chlorophyll in an oceanic setting. Methods included Spatial Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Unsupervised Classification, Map Algebra, Band Ratios, and Statistical Regression of reflection values against chlorophyll In Situ concentration measurements. The examination of the relationship between in situ measured chlorophyll concentrations and reflectance values included several models: linear, polynomial, exponential, and power transformations Results of the terrestrial model component validated the assumption that diffuse introduction of nutrient is mainly attributed to urban, industrial, and agricultural regions and intensive anthropogenic activity around the bay. The aquatic model component tested ocean color algorithms using ETM+ and MERIS data, which achieved results. ETM+ algorithm (TM2-TM3)/TM1 resulted in high correlation coefficient (R2=0.8255) and was found suitable for the detection of low chlorophyll concentration \u3c3mg/m3. MERIS reflectance ratio R510/R560 was found most accurate and achieved high correlation between measured and reflected values (R2=0.8428). The terrestrial and the marine components of the geobiophysical models provide an alternative, effective approach to the common monitoring techniques

Laboratory requirements for in-situ and remote sensing of suspended material

Recommendations for laboratory and in-situ measurements required for remote sensing of suspended material are presented. This study investigates the properties of the suspended materials, factors influencing the upwelling radiance, and the various types of remote sensing techniques. Calibration and correlation procedures are given to obtain the accuracy necessary to quantify the suspended materials by remote sensing. In addition, the report presents a survey of the national need for sediment data, the agencies that deal with and require the data of suspended sediment, and a summary of some recent findings of sediment measurements

Remote sensing of optically active marine components

Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/649 on 20.12.2016 by CS (TIS). Merged with duplicate record 10026.1/2083 on 07.02.2017 by CS (TIS)This is a digitised version of a thesis that was deposited in the University Library. If you are the author please contact PEARL Admin ([email protected]) to discuss options.Remote sensing is an efficient tool to monitor the aquatic ecology. The optical signature in coastal marine environment is a reflection of the complex distribution of optically active marine components. It is essential to understand the relationship between the remote sensing signal and marine constituent material to take advantage of high resolution remote sensing data available from spaceborne and airborne platforms. The objective of this research was to develop a semi-analytical forward model to predict the remote sensing optical signature in coastal waters dominated by non-planktonic material. Laboratory and in situ measurements collected over a5 year period (1998-2003) were used to compile a biogeooptical database for coastal waters. The database is exploited to realise various biogeophysical relationships. A major advancement proposed in the thesis towards the modelling of backscattering probability was the synthesis of knowledge from Mie theory and particulate composition from geochemical analysis. This approach was used to derive particulate backscattering from in situ absorption and attenuation measurements. Results show that this model can produce backscattering values in a realistic way than with a constant value as proposed by Petzold. Absorption and backscattering values derived from ac-9 measurements were used to calculate radiance reflectance and remote sensing reflectance. The biogeophysical relationships developed were incorporated into the forward optics model to successfully simulate the inherent optical property ratio. Further development of the model and applications through inversion were discussed and outlined.Plymouth Marine Laborator

Testing the Underlying Chemical Principles of the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) to Marine Copper Systems: Measuring Copper Speciation Using Fluorescence Quenching

Speciation of copper in marine systems strongly influences the ability of copper to cause toxicity. Natural organic matter (NOM) contains many binding sites which provides a protective effect on copper toxicity. The purpose of this study was to characterize copper binding with NOM using fluorescence quenching techniques. Fluorescence quenching of NOM with copper was performed on nine sea water samples. The resulting stability con- stants and binding capacities were consistent with literature values of marine NOM, show- ing strong binding with log K values from 7.64 to 10.2 and binding capacities ranging from 15 to 3110 nmole mg C −1 . Free copper concentrations estimated at total dissolved copper concentrations corresponding to previously published rotifer effect concentrations, in the same nine samples, were statistically the same as the range of free copper calculated for the effect concentration in NOM-free artificial seawater. These data confirms the applicability of fluorescence spectroscopy techniques for NOM and copper speciation characterization in sea water and demonstrates that such measured speciation is consistent with the chemical principles underlying the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) approach for bioavailability-based metals risk assessment

Fluorescence Analysis for Multi-Site Aluminum Binding to Natural Organic Matter

Natural organic matter (NOM) samples isolated from different water sources in Norway were compared using their fluorescence properties. Fluorescence surfaces were observed at pH 4.36 and deconvoluted using SIMPLISMA (Windig and Guilment 1991). There were a total of seven different fluorophores observed for these samples and each sampling site had between four and six ofthe fluorescent components. These components were observed to bind Al during titrations at the same pH. Multiresponse titration curves were fit using the method of Smith and Kramer (1998) and most of the binding strengths are similar to values for Suwannee River fulvic acid (1ogK’ between 4.8 and 5.5), but there are strong sites (IogK’ = 7) and weak sites (1ogK’ between 3 and 4) also observed. Results depended on the isolation method used; reverse osmosis and low pressure evaporation yielded different values but with no consistent trends

A General Bioaccumulation DEB Model for Mussels

A bioaccumulation model to predict, based on the concentration of contaminants in the water column, the concentration in mussels (Mytillus galloprovinciales) has been implemented and calibrated using experimental data from Thau lagoon (France). The model uses input data from a 3D biogeochemical model that provides biomasses in the different compartments, i.e. phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacteria; and from a 3D fate model that provides the concentrations in the water column as well as in the sediments. The bioaccumulation model is based on the Dynamic Energy Budget approach (DEB). The model predicts correctly the concentrations of several POPs families: PCDD/Fs and PCBs. This is the first step for developing a general screening tool able to predict the bioaccumulation of new chemicals in mussels based on its physico-chemical properties that will contribute to the B(bioaccumulative) and vB assessment. In addition, the model could be use by MS to convert measured concentrations in mussels to water concentrations for WFD (Water Framework Directive) compliance checking.JRC.I.3-Consumer products safety and qualit