118,911 research outputs found
Comparison of Simplified Physics-Based Building Energy Model to an Advanced Neural Network for Automatic Fault Detection
Buildings are complex structures with dynamic loading and ever-changing usage. Additionally, the need to reduce unnecessary energy consumption in buildings is increasing. As a result, buildings and building energy systems should be designed to conserve energy, and buildings should be monitored and evaluated to ensure that the designs are executed properly and that the buildings are operated correctly. Most building designers now use very adequate energy modeling software such as EnergyPlus, IES, EQUEST, and others to support the design task. However, the problem with the current lineup of programs is that they require extensive inputs for material properties and usage loads; this results in spending extensive amounts of time performing model calibration or having to adjust multiple values (sometimes hundreds) to bring a model in alignment with actual building use. As a consequence, the existing software is complex and awkward for efficient monitoring and evaluation, especially for fault detection and diagnosis. Due to the limitations of current modeling programs, development has begun on rule-based and component-based fault detection by a number of companies. However, a suitable rigorous physics-based model has not been developed for the purpose of fault detection. Consequently, this thesis research will discuss the design, development, evaluation, and testing of a model-based fault detection program and procedure as well as comparisons to state-of-the-art neural networks.
Considering how complex some buildings have become, it has become important to make sure the building systems are operating as intended. Some current progress is being done by the large energy service companies in the form of logic-based fault detection for individual components. While component-based fault detection is effective, it relies on accurate sensor readings and does not account for actual building performance. This research herein is the result of the development, testing, and refinement of a simplified but rigorous and complete physics-based model for buildings and building energy systems that is purposely designed and implemented to support fault detection and similar applications. The usefulness and effectiveness of this simplified physics-based model (SPBM) is demonstrated by comparison with the obvious currently available alternative, a state of the art purely data driven neural network black-box model. The models, a simplified physics-based energy model and a neural network, will evaluated total building performance using weather and minimal load data that is common to most buildings to determine, identify, and measure the impact of building faults. Evaluation of performance and accuracy of such a system to a state-of-the-art machine learning model provides substantial insight to current and future fault detection methods.Ph.D
Designing for Mass Customization Housing through Generative Design
This research proposal aims to investigate computational design strategies for sustainable, affordable, and more equitable housing. The study will focus on the use of generative design tools, such as parametric modeling, rule-based modeling, and optimization, to aid architects and designers in creating custom housing complexes for single families in small and medium urban lots. The goal is to develop a computational method that considers sustainability, affordability, and long-term usage parameters to create housing designs that meet the desired spatial qualities. The research question asks how generative design tools can support designers in approaching affordable housing given the increasing demand for it. The study will explore a modular grid-based design approach to ensure consistency and alignment and establish connections between individual spaces to form a complete house floor plan. The proposed research will consider site constraints and analyze existing buildings, trees, and zoning regulations to tailor the aggregation system. The stochastic aggregation component will generate numerous floor plans, and the optimization component will cherry-pick specific floor plans based on the requirements to evaluate the most suitable floor plans for any given scenario
Designing for Mass Customization Housing through Generative Design
This research proposal aims to investigate computational design strategies for sustainable, affordable, and more equitable housing. The study will focus on the use of generative design tools, such as parametric modeling, rule-based modeling, and optimization, to aid architects and designers in creating custom housing complexes for single families in small and medium urban lots. The goal is to develop a computational method that considers sustainability, affordability, and long-term usage parameters to create housing designs that meet the desired spatial qualities. The research question asks how generative design tools can support designers in approaching affordable housing given the increasing demand for it. The study will explore a modular grid-based design approach to ensure consistency and alignment and establish connections between individual spaces to form a complete house floor plan. The proposed research will consider site constraints and analyze existing buildings, trees, and zoning regulations to tailor the aggregation system. The stochastic aggregation component will generate numerous floor plans, and the optimization component will cherry-pick specific floor plans based on the requirements to evaluate the most suitable floor plans for any given scenario
An Experimental Investigation of the Integration of Smart Building Components with Building Information Model (BIM)
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a methodology to digitally represent all the physical and functional characteristics of a building. Importantly, in smart buildings smart components that are enabled with sensing and actuation need to be modeled accurately within the BIM model. This data representation needs to include multiple status of the smart component based on their performance to guide the design and construction process. However, currently there is not a clear methodology or guideline on how to embed smart components in the BIM model. Visualization techniques have been developed based on CAD technology to integrate smart components in the building model but these techniques have not been applied to BIM environment. To accurately model smart components, the component must be more than a single status representation and must contain complete and accurate dynamic data of the smart component. In this research, data properties, visualization techniques, and categorization of smart components is investigated. Then, through an experimental investigation, nine smart components across five building disciplines are modeled and embedded in a BIM model of a smart space. The model includes parameters that facilitate the data representation of the smart components. Data properties, data organization, and simulation of the smart component within the building model is explained. Challenges and future research is discussed
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Preliminary Design of Moment-Resisting Frame Buildings for Tolerable Financial Loss
This paper aims to transfer the current performance-based seismic assessment (PBSA) methodology to engineering practice by providing a preliminary design procedure denoted herein as the preliminary performance-based seismic design (PPBSD). PPBSD aims at guiding a conceptual design given the tolerable expected loss and target hazard level. The suggested preliminary design procedure implicitly incorporates the main sources of variability in the seismic performance assessment of building structures including the variability associated with seismic excitation. PPBSD can help stakeholders make informed decisions on how to handle potential seismic risk at the preliminary design level with minimal computational effort. The process for development of design tools required for implementation of PPBSD are described and such development is illustrated for a 4-story reinforced concrete special moment-resisting frame (RC-SMRF) building located in Los Angeles for a 475-year ground motion return period. A design example is offered to demonstrate how PPBSD can be implemented in practice
Hope for the Best, Prepare for the Worst: Response of Tall Steel Buildings to the ShakeOut Scenario Earthquake
This work represents an effort to develop one plausible realization of the effects of the scenario event on tall steel moment-frame buildings. We have used the simulated ground motions with three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models of three buildings in the 20-story class to simulate structural responses at 784 analysis sites spaced at approximately 4 km throughout the San Fernando Valley, the San Gabriel Valley, and the Los Angeles Basin. Based on the simulation results and available information on the number and distribution of steel buildings, the recommended damage scenario for the ShakeOut drill was 5% of the estimated 150 steel moment-frame structures in the 10–30 story range collapsing, 10% red-tagged, 15% with damage serious enough to cause loss of life, and 20% with visible damage requiring building closure
An Assessment to Benchmark the Seismic Performance of a Code-Conforming Reinforced-Concrete Moment-Frame Building
This report describes a state-of-the-art performance-based earthquake engineering methodology
that is used to assess the seismic performance of a four-story reinforced concrete (RC) office
building that is generally representative of low-rise office buildings constructed in highly seismic
regions of California. This “benchmark” building is considered to be located at a site in the Los
Angeles basin, and it was designed with a ductile RC special moment-resisting frame as its
seismic lateral system that was designed according to modern building codes and standards. The
building’s performance is quantified in terms of structural behavior up to collapse, structural and
nonstructural damage and associated repair costs, and the risk of fatalities and their associated
economic costs. To account for different building configurations that may be designed in
practice to meet requirements of building size and use, eight structural design alternatives are
used in the performance assessments.
Our performance assessments account for important sources of uncertainty in the ground
motion hazard, the structural response, structural and nonstructural damage, repair costs, and
life-safety risk. The ground motion hazard characterization employs a site-specific probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis and the evaluation of controlling seismic sources (through
disaggregation) at seven ground motion levels (encompassing return periods ranging from 7 to
2475 years). Innovative procedures for ground motion selection and scaling are used to develop
acceleration time history suites corresponding to each of the seven ground motion levels.
Structural modeling utilizes both “fiber” models and “plastic hinge” models. Structural
modeling uncertainties are investigated through comparison of these two modeling approaches,
and through variations in structural component modeling parameters (stiffness, deformation
capacity, degradation, etc.). Structural and nonstructural damage (fragility) models are based on
a combination of test data, observations from post-earthquake reconnaissance, and expert
opinion. Structural damage and repair costs are modeled for the RC beams, columns, and slabcolumn connections. Damage and associated repair costs are considered for some nonstructural
building components, including wallboard partitions, interior paint, exterior glazing, ceilings,
sprinkler systems, and elevators. The risk of casualties and the associated economic costs are
evaluated based on the risk of structural collapse, combined with recent models on earthquake
fatalities in collapsed buildings and accepted economic modeling guidelines for the value of
human life in loss and cost-benefit studies.
The principal results of this work pertain to the building collapse risk, damage and repair
cost, and life-safety risk. These are discussed successively as follows.
When accounting for uncertainties in structural modeling and record-to-record variability
(i.e., conditional on a specified ground shaking intensity), the structural collapse probabilities of
the various designs range from 2% to 7% for earthquake ground motions that have a 2%
probability of exceedance in 50 years (2475 years return period). When integrated with the
ground motion hazard for the southern California site, the collapse probabilities result in mean
annual frequencies of collapse in the range of [0.4 to 1.4]x10
-4
for the various benchmark
building designs. In the development of these results, we made the following observations that
are expected to be broadly applicable:
(1) The ground motions selected for performance simulations must consider spectral
shape (e.g., through use of the epsilon parameter) and should appropriately account for
correlations between motions in both horizontal directions;
(2) Lower-bound component models, which are commonly used in performance-based
assessment procedures such as FEMA 356, can significantly bias collapse analysis results; it is
more appropriate to use median component behavior, including all aspects of the component
model (strength, stiffness, deformation capacity, cyclic deterioration, etc.);
(3) Structural modeling uncertainties related to component deformation capacity and
post-peak degrading stiffness can impact the variability of calculated collapse probabilities and
mean annual rates to a similar degree as record-to-record variability of ground motions.
Therefore, including the effects of such structural modeling uncertainties significantly increases
the mean annual collapse rates. We found this increase to be roughly four to eight times relative
to rates evaluated for the median structural model;
(4) Nonlinear response analyses revealed at least six distinct collapse mechanisms, the
most common of which was a story mechanism in the third story (differing from the multi-story
mechanism predicted by nonlinear static pushover analysis);
(5) Soil-foundation-structure interaction effects did not significantly affect the structural
response, which was expected given the relatively flexible superstructure and stiff soils.
The potential for financial loss is considerable. Overall, the calculated expected annual
losses (EAL) are in the range of 97,000 for the various code-conforming benchmark
building designs, or roughly 1% of the replacement cost of the building (3.5M, the fatality rate translates to an EAL due to
fatalities of 5,600 for the code-conforming designs, and 66,000, the monetary value associated with life loss is small,
suggesting that the governing factor in this respect will be the maximum permissible life-safety
risk deemed by the public (or its representative government) to be appropriate for buildings.
Although the focus of this report is on one specific building, it can be used as a reference
for other types of structures. This report is organized in such a way that the individual core
chapters (4, 5, and 6) can be read independently. Chapter 1 provides background on the
performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) approach. Chapter 2 presents the
implementation of the PBEE methodology of the PEER framework, as applied to the benchmark
building. Chapter 3 sets the stage for the choices of location and basic structural design. The subsequent core chapters focus on the hazard analysis (Chapter 4), the structural analysis
(Chapter 5), and the damage and loss analyses (Chapter 6). Although the report is self-contained,
readers interested in additional details can find them in the appendices
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