Exploring technical and non-technical competencies of navigators for autonomous shipping

The emergence of autonomous ship technologies has attracted a growing body of academic studies, regulatory discussions and exploration endeavours in recent years. With the introduction of new technology comes the need for the seafarers to be trained in its use. The purpose of this paper is 1) to examine the suitability of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) Table A-II/1 competence framework for navigators under Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) operations, and 2) to propose future technical and non-technical competencies that will be needed in autonomous shipping era. A mixed method approach was adopted with collection of both quantitative and qualitative data through a survey instrument developed on the basis of the literature and current STCW Table A-II/1, in which the 66 Knowledge, Understanding & Proficiency (KUP) requirements for navigators were converted into measurement items. Statistical analysis of the data has aided in identifying a list of key technical and non-technical competence requirements for the navigators under MASS operations. The results can be used as an input for revision of the STCW competence requirements and to facilitate the preparation and implementation of novel training frameworks for autonomous shipping

Seeking the best practices of assessment in maritime simulator training

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An investigation of Chinese maritime education and training institutions : the introduction of new technology, methodologies and quality assurance programs

This dissertation is a study of various aspects ofChinese maritime education and training (MET). Especially, it highlights the current weaknesses and makes an attempt to improve education by using new technology, methodologies and a quality assurance system. A brief review is made of the development of the Chinese economy and MET system. An examination is made of the two kinds of maritime institutions called high and vocational education, which provide the different levels of qualification, including why these institutions cannot meet the needs of the maritime industry both for the quantity and quality of seafarers. A comparison is made of MET systems and course programmes in different countries, noting their advantages and disadvantages with a view to improving the Chinese MET system in future. In looking at the development of the international and national economy, many problems in Chinese MET are identified. The impact of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1995 (STCW) in relation to international minimum safety standards, the application of new technology, the introduction of quality assurance and other requirements are considered. In the development of maritime training technology, the use of simulation as a cost-effective method is now almost universally recognised, and the paper discusses the role of such technology in the Chinese MET system. In addition, the impact of developments in PC-based simulation and computer aided learning for modem education and training is evaluated. There is a need not only for a supply of new seamen on board ships, but also a need for good quality and experienced officers and ratings who meet the requirements iii of the STCW Convention. In this regard, quality assurance is one of the most important factors for MET. This paper discusses the implementation of the STCW Convention, the establishment of a revised Chinese MET system, new course development and introduction of quality evaluation systems including construction of a Self-Assessment Model, an internal quality assessment process and an external quality audit. A number of recommendations is made to improve and enhance the Chinese maritime education and training system