Ultra-low power mixed-signal frontend for wearable EEGs

Electronics circuits are ubiquitous in daily life, aided by advancements in the chip design industry, leading to miniaturised solutions for typical day to day problems. One of the critical healthcare areas helped by this advancement in technology is electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is a non-invasive method of tracking a person's brain waves, and a crucial tool in several healthcare contexts, including epilepsy and sleep disorders. Current ambulatory EEG systems still suffer from limitations that affect their usability. Furthermore, many patients admitted to emergency departments (ED) for a neurological disorder like altered mental status or seizures, would remain undiagnosed hours to days after admission, which leads to an elevated rate of death compared to other conditions. Conducting a thorough EEG monitoring in early-stage could prevent further damage to the brain and avoid high mortality. But lack of portability and ease of access results in a long wait time for the prescribed patients. All real signals are analogue in nature, including brainwaves sensed by EEG systems. For converting the EEG signal into digital for further processing, a truly wearable EEG has to have an analogue mixed-signal front-end (AFE). This research aims to define the specifications for building a custom AFE for the EEG recording and use that to review the suitability of the architectures available in the literature. Another critical task is to provide new architectures that can meet the developed specifications for EEG monitoring and can be used in epilepsy diagnosis, sleep monitoring, drowsiness detection and depression study. The thesis starts with a preview on EEG technology and available methods of brainwaves recording. It further expands to design requirements for the AFE, with a discussion about critical issues that need resolving. Three new continuous-time capacitive feedback chopped amplifier designs are proposed. A novel calibration loop for setting the accurate value for a pseudo-resistor, which is a crucial block in the proposed topology, is also discussed. This pseudoresistor calibration loop achieved the resistor variation of under 8.25%. The thesis also presents a new design of a curvature corrected bandgap, as well as a novel DDA based fourth-order Sallen-Key filter. A modified sensor frontend architecture is then proposed, along with a detailed analysis of its implementation. Measurement results of the AFE are finally presented. The AFE consumed a total power of 3.2A (including ADC, amplifier, filter, and current generation circuitry) with the overall integrated input-referred noise of 0.87V-rms in the frequency band of 0.5-50Hz. Measurement results confirmed that only the proposed AFE achieved all defined specifications for the wearable EEG system with the smallest power consumption than state-of-art architectures that meet few but not all specifications. The AFE also achieved a CMRR of 131.62dB, which is higher than any studied architectures.Open Acces

Novel switched-capacitor circuits for delta-sigma modulators

Oversampled delta-sigma modulation is one of the widely used A/D conversion techniques for narrow bandwidth signals. In this study several new lowpass and bandpass delta-sigma modulator architectures as well as novel pseudo-N-path integrators that can be used in implementing these architectures are proposed. By using multiplexing techniques the new lowpass delta-sigma modulator architectures exchange higher clock rates with hardware complexity. For a given oversampling ratio (OSR), the multiplexed first-order delta-sigma modulator achieves a higher resolution. Guaranteed stability is a very desirable feature of these structures. The multi-loop delta-sigma modulator architecture similarly reduces the number of integrators needed to achieve high-resolution conversion for a given OSR. To ensure stability a quantizer with (N+1) bits must be used, where N is the number of loops, or in other words, the order of the delta-sigma modulator. Digital correction or randomizing techniques can be used to eliminate the performance reduction due to digital-to-analog- (D/A) converter nonlinearity error [59], [64]. Bandpass delta-sigma modulators are useful for applications such as AM radio receivers, spectrum analyzers, and digital wireless systems. Using z --> -z[superscript N] or z --> z[superscript N] mapping, a low pass delta-sigma modulator can be transformed to a bandpass one. One of the methods to implement the loop filters in bandpass delta-sigma modulators is to use Pseudo-N-Path (PNP) switched-capacitor (SC) integrators. The advantage is that the center frequency occurs exactly at an integer division of the sampling frequency because of the number of physical paths. To achieve maximum resolution, integrators that do not suffer from clock feedthrough peaks are needed. The proposed differential and single-ended novel PNP integrators address this problem [76]. To keep the opamp specifications less stringent while achieving high resolution, these PNP integrators have been further improved with gain compensation techniques [53]

Processamento ótico e digital de sinal em sistemas de transmissão com multiplexagem por divisão espacial

The present thesis focuses on the development of optical and digital signal processing techniques for coherent optical transmission systems with spacedivision multiplexing (SDM). According to the levels of spatial crosstalk, these systems can be grouped in the ones with and the ones without spatial selectivity; drastically changing its operation principle. In systems with spatial selectivity, the mode coupling is negligible and therefore, an arbitrary spacial channel can be independently routed through the optical network and post-processed at the optical coherent receiver. In systems without spatial selectivity, mode coupling plays a key role in a way that spatial channels are jointly transmitted and post-processed at the optical coherent receiver. With this in mind, optical switching techniques for SDM transmission systems with spatial selectivity are developed, whereas digital techniques for space-demultiplexing are developed for SDM systems without spatial selectivity. With the purpose of developing switching techniques, the acoustic-optic effect is analyzed in few-mode fibers (FMF)s and in multicore fibers (MCF)s. In FMF, the signal switching between two arbitrary modes using flexural or longitudinal acoustic waves is numerically and experimentally demonstrated. While, in MCF, it is shown that a double resonant coupling, induced by flexural acoustic waves, allows for the signal switching between two arbitrary cores. Still in the context of signal switching, the signal propagation in the multimodal nonlinear regime is analyzed. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation is deduced in the presence of mode coupling, allowing the meticulous analysis of the multimodal process of four-wave mixing. Under the right conditions, it is shown that such process allows for the signal switching between distinguishable optical modes. The signal representation in higher-order Poincaré spheres is introduced and analyzed in order to develop digital signal processing techniques. In this representation, an arbitrary pair of tributary signals is represented in a Poincaré sphere, where the samples appear symmetrically distributed around a symmetry plane. Based on this property, spatial-demultiplexing and mode dependent loss compensation techniques are developed, which are independent of the modulation format, are free of training sequences and tend to be robust to frequency offsets and phase fluctuations. The aforementioned techniques are numerically validated, and its performance is assessed through the calculation of the remaining penalty in the signal-to-noise ratio of the post-processed signal. Finally, the complexity of such techniques is analytically described in terms of real multiplications per sample.A presente tese tem por objectivo o desenvolvimento de técnicas de processamento ótico e digital de sinal para sistemas coerentes de transmissão ótica com multiplexagem por diversidade espacial. De acordo com a magnitude de diafonia espacial, estes sistemas podem ser agrupados em sistemas com e sem seletividade espacial, alterando drasticamente o seu princípio de funcionamento. Em sistemas com seletividade espacial, o acoplamento modal é negligenciável e, portanto, um canal espacial arbitrário pode ser encaminhado de forma independente através da rede ótica e pós-processado no recetor ótico coerente. Em sistemas sem seletividade espacial, o acoplamento modal tem um papel fulcral pelo que os canais espaciais são transmitidos e pós-processados conjuntamente. Perante este cenário, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de comutação entre canais espaciais para sistemas com seletividade espacial, ao passo que para sistemas sem seletividade espacial, foram desenvolvidas técnicas digitais de desmultiplexagem espacial. O efeito acústico-ótico foi analisado em fibras com alguns modos (FMF) e em fibras com múltiplos núcleos (MCF) com o intuito de desenvolver técnicas de comutação de sinal no domínio ótico. Em FMF, demonstrou-se numérica e experimentalmente a comutação do sinal entre dois modos de propagação arbitrários através de ondas acústicas transversais ou longitudinais, enquanto, em MCF, a comutação entre dois núcleos arbitrários é mediada por um processo de acoplamento duplamente ressonante induzido por ondas acústicas transversais. Ainda neste contexto, analisou-se a propagação do sinal no regime multimodal não linear. Foi deduzida a equação não linear de Schrödinger na presença de acoplamento modal, posteriormente usada na análise do processo multimodal de mistura de quatro ondas. Nas condições adequadas, é demonstrado que este processo permite a comutação ótica de sinal entre dois modos de propagação distintos. A representação de sinal em esferas de Poincaré de ordem superior é introduzida e analisada com o objetivo de desenvolver técnicas de processamento digital de sinal. Nesta representação, um par arbitrário de sinais tributários é representado numa esfera de Poincaré onde as amostras surgem simetricamente distribuídas em torno de um plano de simetria. Com base nesta propriedade, foram desenvolvidas técnicas de desmultiplexagem espacial e de compensação das perdas dependentes do modo de propagação, as quais são independentes do formato de modulação, não necessitam de sequências de treino e tendem a ser robustas aos desvios de frequência e às flutuações de fase. As técnicas referidas foram validadas numericamente, e o seu desempenho é avaliado mediante a penalidade remanescente na relação sinal-ruído do sinal pós-processado. Por fim, a complexidade destas é analiticamente descrita em termos de multiplicações reais por amostra.Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Eletrotécnic

Treatise on Hearing: The Temporal Auditory Imaging Theory Inspired by Optics and Communication

A new theory of mammalian hearing is presented, which accounts for the auditory image in the midbrain (inferior colliculus) of objects in the acoustical environment of the listener. It is shown that the ear is a temporal imaging system that comprises three transformations of the envelope functions: cochlear group-delay dispersion, cochlear time lensing, and neural group-delay dispersion. These elements are analogous to the optical transformations in vision of diffraction between the object and the eye, spatial lensing by the lens, and second diffraction between the lens and the retina. Unlike the eye, it is established that the human auditory system is naturally defocused, so that coherent stimuli do not react to the defocus, whereas completely incoherent stimuli are impacted by it and may be blurred by design. It is argued that the auditory system can use this differential focusing to enhance or degrade the images of real-world acoustical objects that are partially coherent. The theory is founded on coherence and temporal imaging theories that were adopted from optics. In addition to the imaging transformations, the corresponding inverse-domain modulation transfer functions are derived and interpreted with consideration to the nonuniform neural sampling operation of the auditory nerve. These ideas are used to rigorously initiate the concepts of sharpness and blur in auditory imaging, auditory aberrations, and auditory depth of field. In parallel, ideas from communication theory are used to show that the organ of Corti functions as a multichannel phase-locked loop (PLL) that constitutes the point of entry for auditory phase locking and hence conserves the signal coherence. It provides an anchor for a dual coherent and noncoherent auditory detection in the auditory brain that culminates in auditory accommodation. Implications on hearing impairments are discussed as well.Comment: 603 pages, 131 figures, 13 tables, 1570 reference

Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995)

The files on this record represent the various databases that originally composed the CD-ROM issue of "Abstracts on Radio Direction Finding" database, which is now part of the Dudley Knox Library's Abstracts and Selected Full Text Documents on Radio Direction Finding (1899 - 1995) Collection. (See Calhoun record https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/57364 for further information on this collection and the bibliography). Due to issues of technological obsolescence preventing current and future audiences from accessing the bibliography, DKL exported and converted into the three files on this record the various databases contained in the CD-ROM. The contents of these files are: 1) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_xls.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.xls: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format; RDFA_Glossary.xls: Glossary of terms, in Excel 97-2003 Workbookformat; RDFA_Biographies.xls: Biographies of leading figures, in Excel 97-2003 Workbook format]; 2) RDFA_CompleteBibliography_csv.zip [RDFA_CompleteBibliography.TXT: Metadata for the complete bibliography, in CSV format; RDFA_Glossary.TXT: Glossary of terms, in CSV format; RDFA_Biographies.TXT: Biographies of leading figures, in CSV format]; 3) RDFA_CompleteBibliography.pdf: A human readable display of the bibliographic data, as a means of double-checking any possible deviations due to conversion