Accelerating the deployment of Solid State Lighting (SSL) in Europe

Solid State Lighting, in particular the use of LEDs and OLEDs for general lighting, is a promising technology with high growth potential in Europe. The path for the development of SSL in Europe is sketched out in the Green Paper on SSL of the European Commission. The current study supports the direction taken in the green paper towards deployment of SSL. This paper sketches the lighting consumptions and various applications of SSL, from fully-mature applications till the general lighting sector when mass adoption is expected from 2015, first in the retrofit market then in the new lighting fixtures and luminaires. It focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the European market for SSL. Distinction can be made between the outdoor lighting sector, where LEDs are more present, and indoor lighting, where the growth rate is still low. The LED industry is rather fragmented. It is usually divided into five segments: materials, equipment, finished lamps and components, luminaires and systems, and finally lighting services and solutions. One of the vulnerability areas is the fact Europe is dependent from China for a variety of semiconductor materials, including various rare earth elements (REE), that are used in the production of LEDs. The European manufacturing base is strong in the downstream segments of the value chain close to the application (40%) but it is weaker in the upstream segments (LED packaging, chips, wafers). Product design and marketing and sales are managed in Europe whereas product manufacturing takes place in Asia. R&D takes place mainly in Japan, the US and Europe. Through patent cross-licensing however the research base becomes broader, including China, Taiwan and South Korea. Europe is suffering from fragmented funding. Asian countries have a high budget for R&D. LED commercialisation channels might face a reshuffle, in particular when the industry will be moving to lighting services. For LEDs to penetrate the market more, end-user information and training, as well as training for installers, would be necessary. LED is still a costly product, in particular in the general lighting segment where alternatives remain cheaper. The price needed for mass adoption has not yet been reached. It is estimated that a price of $8 would allow a 25% market share for LEDs. In Europe, a price of €10 would allow to reach, after some time, a 50% market share for LEDs versus 50% for CFLs in the residential sector. It is to be noted that the price for LED bulbs differs from one country to another, e.g. LED bulbs are cheaper in Japan than they are in the US or Europe. Despite the potential of SSL for energy efficiency and also better lighting, many obstacles to its development remain. Cost and consequently payback time are not yet in the advantage of LED-based general illumination, compared to conventional lighting technologies. Quality is an issue, particularly in the absence of standards, both for testing and for final products. Luminous efficacy and lifetime can still be improved. Last but not least, educational barriers remain, that could be overcome by training of all players in the market, from the designer to the user. As far as the environment is concerned, LEDs do not contain mercury. Life cycle analysis seems to be quite favourable for SSL but further research into environment and health benefits will be required to confirm this. Some of the obstacles to mass adoption in the general lighting segment will disappear as technology evolves to cheaper products with better light quality. But price and energy efficiency might not be the only selling elements for LEDs. Innovation might be an important asset when designing new lighting products. Further legislation and policy initiatives addressing SSL will need to be designed in such a way to reinforce Europe's strategic strengths in the lighting sector, as proposed in the Green paper on SSL of the European Commission.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ

National Policies to Attract FDI in R&D: An Assessment of Brazil and Selected Countries

This paper is part of a project based on a broad data collection of policies in selected countries, with a special focus on the attraction of foreign R&D investments. The purpose of the research is to contribute to effective policy-making, capable of fostering multinational corporations? (MNCs) investments in Brazil. In this context, the paper aims at identifying and examining the main policies to attract MNC technological activities in China, India, Ireland, Israel, Singapore, and Taiwan, in order to illustrate successful experiences and, based on them, to analyse the Brazilian case. The experiences and, based on them, to analyse the Brazilian case. The international experiences are analysed bearing in mind that foreign direct investment (FDI) attraction policies are part of industrial and development policies, and should not be assessed or used in isolation. ...industrial policy, technology, foreign direct investment, MNC R&D activites

OLEDs AND E-PAPER. Disruptive Potential for the European Display Industry

DG ENTR and JRC/IPTS of the European Commission have launched a series of studies to analyse prospects of success for European ICT industries with respect to emerging technologies. This report concerns display technologies (Organic Light Emitting Diodes and Electronic Paper - or OLEDs and e-paper for short). It assesses whether these technologies could be disruptive, and how well placed EU firms would be to take advantage of this disruption In general, displays are an increasingly important segment of the ICT sector. Since the 1990s and following the introduction of flat panel displays (FPDs), the global display industry has grown dramatically. The market is now (2009) worth about ¿ 100 billion. Geo-politically, the industry is dominated by Asian suppliers, with European companies relegated to a few vertical niches and parts of the value chain (e.g. research, supply of material and equipment). However, a number of new technologies are entering the market, e.g. OLEDs and electronic paper. Such emerging technologies may provide an opportunity for European enterprises to (re-)enter or strengthen their competitive position. OLEDs are composed of polymers that emit light when a current is passed through them. E-paper, on the other hand, is a portable, reusable storage and display medium, typically thin and flexible. Both OLEDs and e-paper have the potential to disrupt the existing displays market, but it is still too soon to say with certainty whether this will occur and when. Success for OLEDs depends on two key technical advances: first, the operating lifetime, and second, the production process. E-paper has a highly disruptive potential since it opens the door to new applications, largely text-based, not just in ICTs but also in consumer goods, pictures and advertising that could use its key properties. It could also displace display technologies that offer text-reading functions in ICT terminals such as tablet notebooks. There are three discrete segments in the OLED value chain where any discontinuity could offer EU firms the opportunity to play a more significant part in the displays sector: (1) original R&D and IPR for devices and for the manufacturing process and material supply/verification; (2) bulk materials for manufacture and glass; and (3) process equipment:. For the e-paper value chain, we can see that the entry of EU suppliers is perhaps possible across more value chain segments than for OLEDs. Apart from the ones mentioned for OLEDs, there are opportunities to enter into complete devices and content provision. In terms of vertical segments, the point of entry in OLED FPDs for Europe is most likely to be in the mass production of smaller FPDs for mobile handsets. In conclusion, OLEDs and e-paper have the potential to disrupt current displays market and in so doing they may enable EU companies to enter at selected points in the value chain to compete with the Asian ICT industry.JRC.J.4-Information Societ

지역혁신체제의 다양성과 후발 지역의 경제 추격

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 사회과학대학 경제학부, 2022. 8. 이근.혁신은 경제 성장과 경제 추격에 있어 중추적인 역할을 해왔다. 동아시아 국가들이 보여준 것과 같이 혁신은 중진국 함정 단계를 넘어 경제적 추격을 지속하는데 있어서, 가격이나 비용적인 요소보다 더 중요한 요인이었다. 국가의 혁신역량 혹은 혁신의 효율성을 나타내기 위해 국가 혁신체제라는 개념이 고안되었는데, 이는 슘페터 경제학의 핵심적인 개념이다. 하지만 국가 단위의 연구에 초점이 맞춰진 국가혁신체제로는 국가 내 여러 지역의 이질적인 특성을 고려하여 분석할 수 없다. 그렇기 때문에 지역혁신체제라는 분석틀이 필요했고 1990년대부터 지역혁신체제의 개념이 확립되었다. 본 연구에서는 세계 주요 도시의 지역혁신체제 분석을 통해 도시/지역 간 다른 특징들을 살펴보고, 특히 빠른 경제성장을 보이는 추격형 지역들이 선진 지역들과 어떤 다른 특성을 보이는 지에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 지역혁신체제를 양적으로 측정하기 위해 7가지의 지표를 사용하는데, 지식의 지역화, 국내화, 국제화 지수를 포함해, 지식 소유권의 토착화 정도, 기술다각화, 지식분권도, 기술사이클 등이다. 국가혁신체제 연구에서는 지식을 창출할 때 국내 지식을 이용하는지 해외 지식을 이용하는지, 두 가지 차원으로만 나누어지지만, 지역 단위의 연구에서는 같은 지역의 지식을 이용하는지, 같은 국가이지만 다른 지역의 지식을 이용하는지, 그리고 다른 국가의 지식을 이용하는지 등 세 가지 차원으로 나누어지기 때문에, 새롭게 국내화 지수라는 개념이 추가되었다. 또한 본 연구에서는 토착 지식이 혁신에 있어 중요한 역할을 하는지에 대해 알아보기 위해, 토착지식을 측정할 수 있는 지식 소유의 토착화정도 변수도 새롭게 만들어 추가하였다. 첫 번째 장에서는 아시아에서 공통적으로 중진국 함정에서 벗어나 빠른 경제성장을 보이고 있는 대만의 타이페이, 중국의 심천, 그리고 말레이시아의 페낭의 지역혁신체제에 대해 비교 연구를 하고, 심천이 타이페이를 페낭보다 더 빠르게 추격할 수 있었던 이유에 대해 지역혁신체제 관점에서 분석한다. 국가혁신체계 연구에서는 후발 국가들이 선진국들을 추격하기 위해서 단주기 기술로의 특화가 중요하게 작용한다고 하였지만, 본 연구에서는 세 지역 모두 단주기 기술에 특화했음에도 불구하고 1인당 GRDP와 경제 성장률에서 차이를 보였다. 이렇게 다른 결과를 보인 이유는 국제화 지수 (외국기술 의존도)가 타이페이와 심천지역에서 낮고, 그리고 지식 소유의 토착화 정도가 페낭보다 높게 나타나기 때문이다. 따라서, 세 지역의 비교 연구를 통해, 지역 간 경제추격에 있어 토착 지식의 증가와 그에 따른 해외 지식에 대한 의존도 감소가 얼마나 중요하게 작용하는 지를 발견할 수 있었다. 두 번째 장에서는 앞 장에서 다루었던 타이페이, 심천, 페낭을 포함한 전 세계 30개 지역의 지역혁신 체제의 특징을 2001년에서 2017년까지의 지역혁신체제 변수를 통해 살펴보고, 클러스터 분석을 통해 어떻게 유형화가 가능한 지에 대해 연구한다. 클러스터 분석 결과, 지역이 단주기 혹은 장주기 기술에 특화하는지, 토착 지식이 큰지 작은지에 따라, 총 네 개의 지역 혁신 체계 그룹으로 분류가 된다. 첫째 유형은 선진국 형으로, 국제화 정도 (해외지식 의존도)가 낮고, 높은 토착소유화, 기술다각화, 및 분권화를 보인다. 추격형 유형은 두가지로 나누어 지는데, 보다 고도화된 유형은 한국이나 대만의 도시와 같이 해외지식 의존도가 낮고, 지식의 토착소유화 정도가 높은 유형이고, 덜 고도화된 유형은 페낭이나 방갈로와 같이 해외지식 의존도가 높고, 토착소유화 정도가 낮은 유형이다. 세 번째 장에서는 두 번째 장에서 클러스터 분석을 통해 나타났던 지역혁신체제 그룹들과 경제성장률의 상관관계를 알기 위해 회귀분석을 진행하였다. 그 결과, 단주기 기술에 특화된 두 가지의 추격형 그룹들이 가장 빠른 경제 성장률을 보이며 선진 지역(장주기 기술 특화∙높은 토착지식)을 빠르게 추격하는 결과를 보여준다. 세 개의 장을 종합하여 살펴보면, 지역 혁신체제 연구에서도 국가 혁신체제 연구의 결과와 마찬가지로, 후발지역들의 추격형 지역 혁신체제의 특징을 확정지울 수 있었다. 특히, 똑 같이 단주기 기술로의 특화하는 후발 지역 간에도 추격성과가 다르게 나타나는 것은, 결국 지식소유의 토착화의 제고와 해외 지식에 대한 의존도를 줄이는 것이 선결 조건임을 밝힌 것이 중요한 공헌이다.Innovation plays a critical role in economic growth and economic catch-up. As Asian countries have witnessed, innovation is more important than price or cost when economies overcome the middle-income trap and sustain their economic growth. National innovation systems (NIS), a key concept for Schumpeterian economies, was introduced to represent the innovation capacity or efficiency of countries. However, given that NIS focuses on national-level analysis, the regional heterogeneities within a nation cannot be easily explained by this concept. To address this problem, a new framework called regional innovation systems (RIS) emerged in the 1990s. This dissertation examines the different innovation-related characteristics of cities/regions around the world using the concept of RIS and reveals the differences between catching-up and advanced regions. This study uses seven variables to numerically measure RIS, namely, knowledge localization, nationalization, internationalization, local ownership of knowledge, technological diversification, knowledge decentralization, and technological cycle time. In NIS analysis, knowledge citation is divided into two dimensions, namely, citing locally invented patents and citing foreign patents, whereas in RIS analysis, three dimensions are employed, namely, local patent citation, national patent citation, and international patent citation. In this way, the new concept of nationalization is added in this RIS research. This study also uses local ownership of knowledge to measure the level of indigenous knowledge in a city/region. The first chapter presents a comparative analysis of the RISs of Taipei in Taiwan, Shenzhen in China, and Penang in Malaysia to understand why Shenzhen is catching up with Taipei much faster than Penang in terms of RIS. In NIS analysis, latecomer economies need to specialize in short cycle technologies. However, this study only focuses on the divergence between per capita GRDP and economic growth rate even if the three aforementioned regions all specialize in the same short-cycle technologies because the levels of internationalization in Taipei and Shenzhen are lower than that of Penang, that is, Taipei and Shenzhen have a lower dependence on foreign knowledge compared with Penang, whereas the local ownership of knowledge for Taipei and Shenzhen is higher than that for Penang. Through this comparative analysis, this study highlights the importance of increasing indigenous knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge in regional economic catch-up. The second chapter explores the RIS characteristics of 30 regions over the world to derive a typology of RIS via cluster analysis. On the basis of the cluster analysis results, four groups of RISs are classified depending on whether a region specializes in short- or long-cycle technologies and whether indigenous knowledge is large or small. The first group is the mature RIS group, which has a low level of internationalization (reliance on foreign knowledge) and high levels of local ownership of knowledge, diversification, and decentralization, whereas the second group is the catching-up RIS group, which is further divided into two types. First, cities/countries with more advanced catching-up RIS, such as South Korea and Taiwan, have low reliance on foreign knowledge and high indigenous knowledge. Second, cities/countries with less advanced catching-up RIS, including Penang and Bangalore, have low level of indigenous knowledge and high dependence on foreign knowledge. The third chapter empirically investigates the linkage between the RIS groups resulting from cluster analysis, and economic growth . The catching-up RIS cities/countries that specialize in short-cycle technologies show a faster growth rate compared with others, and catch up with advanced region fast with specialization in long cycle technologies and high indigenous knowledge . By considering the three aforementioned regions, the characteristics of catching-up RIS for latecomer regions as reported in the RIS and NIS analyses are the same. Improving local ownership of knowledge and decreasing reliance on foreign knowledge are prerequisites for regional economic catch-up in regions with different catching-up performances even if the latecomer regions specialize in similar short-cycle technologies.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review and Research Questions 3 1. National Innovation Systems 3 2. Regional Innovation Systems and Research Questions 4 3. Definition of RIS Variables 5 III. Case Study of RIS in Asia: Comparing the Regions of Penang, Shenzhen, and Taipei 10 1. Economic Backgrounds of the Three Regions 10 2. Key Aspects of Catch-Up and Hypothesis 14 3. Results 16 4. Three Models of Catching-Up: Taipei, Shenzhen, and Penang 22 5. Concluding Remarks 27 IV. Varieties of RIS and Catching-Up RIS 30 1. Introduction 30 2. Data and Methodology: Cluster Analysis 31 3. Backgrounds of Economies and Hypothesis 32 4. Identifying the Varieties of RIS 35 5. Conclusion 59 V. Linking RIS Groups to Economic Growth 61 1. Introduction 61 2. Cluster analysis 61 3. Literature Review and Hypothesis 63 4. Methodology and Model 64 5. Data 65 6. Result 66 7. Conclusion 69 Ⅵ. Contributions and Limitations 70 1. Key Findings 70 2. Contributions and Limitations 71 References 72 Appendices 78박

National systems of innovation in the Japanese and American consumer electronics industries.

Innovation is a hallmark of the consumer electronics industry as firms compete to capture greater shares in a competitive market. The culmination of such innovation recently promoted a trend toward digital convergence within the industry as products from the consumer electronics and computer industries incorporate similar characteristics and capabilities. As such, consumer electronics offers a unique perspective on the role of innovation and national systems of innovation within a technologically motivated industry. National systems of innovation are those systems within a state that promote innovation through educational institutions, technical or scientific institutions, cultural traditions, and government policies. Innovation’s link to economic prosperity and the knowledge base associated with innovative behavior confers a highly valuable competitive advantage for nations in an increasingly globalized world. Thus, the incorporation and promotion of national systems of innovation and the trend toward a digital convergence oriented market within the consumer electronics industry could allow American consumer electronics and computer firms the ability to level the balance of power in this heavily Japanese dominated industry. An industry innovation award is used to illustrate differences between Japanese and American firms as well as note the innovative capability of American firms

The political economy of research and innovation in organic photovoltaics (OPV) in different world regions

Purpose: In this paper, we examine the status, prospects and organization of OPV research, innovation and governance in three major world regions: Northern America, Western Europe and East Asia through our constructed evolutionary cognitive-institutional framework of reference. Method: We gathered data from a 65-question internet-based survey conducted from February 2013 to April 2013 with OPV researchers and research managers around the world. A multi-method (investigative/exploratory, descriptive statistics) approach is used for analyses and discussions. Results: Overall findings show that the organization of OPV research, innovation and governance in Northern America, Western Europe and East Asia reflect similar aspects, patterns with their political economies surveyed in the literature: Northern America's neo-liberal market and finance orientation, Western Europe's orientation to sustainable development and policy-driven research, coordinated-regulatory inspirations and research-driven system, and East Asia's neo-developmental state view with international trade, technology-export orientation. Commercialization prospects in China are lowest and highest in the US but even there expectations of market sales are low. As a disruptive technology which is competing with older generations of PV and other energy technologies, OPV requires a coordinated effort involving international cooperation, the use of public and private money. Positive elements of the three world regions (availability of venture capital in the US, the meritocratic research system and ambitious goals for renewable energy in the EU, and the willingness of the Chinese government to back sunrise industries) could be usefully exploited. Keywords: Political Economy, Emerging Energy Technology, Research, Innovation, Governance, Organic Photovoltaic

Simulation of manufacturing scenarios’ ambidexterity green technological innovation driven by inter-firm social networks: based on a multi-objective model

The mechanism of the impact of inter-firm social networks on innovation capabilities has attracted much research from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. However, as a special emerged and developing complex production system, how the scenario factors affect the relationship between these variables has not yet been analyzed. This study identified several scenario factors which can affect the firm’s technological innovation capabilities. Take the manufacturing scenario in China as an example, combined with the need for firms’ ambidexterity innovation and green innovation capability, a multi-objective simulation model is constructed. Past empirical analysis results on the relationship between inter-firm social network factors and innovation capabilities are used in the model. In addition, a numerical analysis was conducted using data from the Chinese auto manufacturing industry. The results of the simulation model led to several optimization strategies for firms that are in a dilemma of development in the manufacturing scenario

Ubiquitous computing and natural interfaces for environmental information

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Gestão e Sistemas AmbientaisThe next computing revolution‘s objective is to embed every street, building, room and object with computational power. Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) will allow every object to receive and transmit information, sense its surroundings and act accordingly, be located from anywhere in the world, connect every person. Everyone will have the possibility to access information, despite their age, computer knowledge, literacy or physical impairment. It will impact the world in a profound way, empowering mankind, improving the environment, but will also create new challenges that our society, economy, health and global environment will have to overcome. Negative impacts have to be identified and dealt with in advance. Despite these concerns, environmental studies have been mostly absent from discussions on the new paradigm. This thesis seeks to examine ubiquitous computing, its technological emergence, raise awareness towards future impacts and explore the design of new interfaces and rich interaction modes. Environmental information is approached as an area which may greatly benefit from ubicomp as a way to gather, treat and disseminate it, simultaneously complying with the Aarhus convention. In an educational context, new media are poised to revolutionize the way we perceive, learn and interact with environmental information. cUbiq is presented as a natural interface to access that information