32 research outputs found

    Untersuchung von nicht-kovalenten Wechselwirkungen zur Konstruktion von supramolekularen Schalter

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    Molecular switches can interconvert between two stable states controlled by an external stimulus. They are applied in adaptive materials, molecular electronics, and are needed to develop artificial molecular machines. Molecular switches can be assembled and operated based on noncovalent interactions. A detailed understanding of the involved noncovalent interactions is fundamental to develop new switching functions and operation modes. In this thesis, the redox-switchable units tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and naphthalene diimide (NDI) are incorporated into crown ethers. The thermodynamic binding properties of crown ethers and sec-ammonium ions were investigated through isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The effects of the counterion as well as the structural changes both in the macrocycle and in the axle on the noncovalent interactions in the pseudorotaxanes were identified. Additionally, an organic cage was developed, which can adopt a self-inclusion complex. The cage showed a very strong enthalpy driven binding (Ka > 109 M-1) of cations such as acetylcholine. Interestingly, the binding was also entropically favoured. Based on a toolbox of molecular components of redox-switchable crown ethers and sec-ammonium axles, different functions of molecular switches were constructed using the concepts of self-assembly, self-sorting, mechanical bonding, and multivalency. Switching of a kinetically hindered pseudorotaxane revealed differences in the disassembly timeframe depending on the type of the applied stimulus. Five redox-switchable monovalent rotaxanes with different switching modes were assembled. In two of these rotaxanes a shuttling motion of the wheel along the axle was observed upon switching. In a planar chiral rotaxane, redox-switching resulted in a sign inversion in the electronic circular dichroism spectrum. In a homo[3]rotaxane, attractive noncovalent interactions between two extended TTF units which are incorporated in both wheels were identified. When both TTFs were oxidised to TTF2+, Coulomb repulsion triggers a 180° rotation of the wheels in relation to each other. By applying integrative self-sorting, two different wheels were combined on one axle to form hetero[3]pseudorotaxanes. The self-sorting equilibrium was studied and it revealed a major impact of the smaller second wheel on the hetero[3]pseudorotaxane properties. The construction of four hetero[3]rotaxanes was achieved. The formation of a divalent pseudorotaxane containing TTF and NDI showed positive chelate cooperativity and an emerging intramolecular charge-transfer band confirmed the donor-acceptor interaction between TTF and NDI. The investigation of the redox-switching of a divalent donor-acceptor rotaxane revealed interesting optoelectronic properties.Molekulare Schalter können reversibel zwischen zwei stabilen ZustĂ€nden wechseln und werden dabei von einem externen Stimulus kontrolliert. Sie finden Anwendung in adaptiven Materialen, in molekularer Elektronik und sind notwendig in der Entwicklung von kĂŒnstlichen molekularen Maschinen. Nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkungen können zum Zusammenbau von molekularen Schaltern verwendet werden und diese haben einen Einfluss auf ihren Betrieb. Ein genaues VerstĂ€ndnis der zugrunde liegenden nicht-kovalenten Wechselwirkungen ist fundamental, um neue Schalterfunktionen zu entwickeln. In dieser Dissertation wurden die elektrochemisch schaltbaren molekularen Einheiten Tetrathiafulvalen (TTF) und Naphtalendiimid (NDI) in Kronenether eingebaut. Die thermodynamischen Bindungseigenschaften dieser Kronenether zu sec-Ammoniumionen wurden durch isothermale Titrationskalorimetrie (ITC) detailliert untersucht. Die Effekte von Gegenionen und von strukturellen Änderungen im Makrozyklus, sowie in der Ammoniumachse auf die nicht-kovalenten Wechselwirkungen im Pseudorotaxan wurden offengelegt. ZusĂ€tzlich wurde ein organischer KĂ€fig entwickelt, der einen selbst-Einschlusskomplex bilden kann. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die starke Bindung des KĂ€figs von Kationen, wie Acetylcholin, (Ka > 109 M-1) Enthalpie-getrieben ist. Interessanterweise ist diese Bindung aber auch entopisch gĂŒnstig. Ausgehend von den molekularen Komponenten, bestehend aus elektrochemisch schaltbaren Kronenethern und sec-Ammoniumachsen, wurde durch die Anwendung der Konzepte der Selbstassemblierung, der Selbstsortierung, der Multivalenz und der mechanischen Bindung eine Vielzahl von molekularen Schaltern mit verschiedenen Funktionen konstruiert. Bei der Schaltung eines kinetisch gehemmten Pseudorotaxans mit zwei unterschiedlichen Arten von Stimuli zeigten sich Unterschiede beim Zeitraum, in dem der Reif von der Achse abfĂ€delte. Es wurden fĂŒnf elektrochemisch schaltbare Rotaxane mit unterschiedlichen Schaltungsmechanismen zusammengebaut. In zwei dieser Rotaxane konnte eine Translationsbewegung des Makrozyklus entlang der Achse festgestellt werden, die durch die Schaltung ausgelöst wurde. In einem planar chiralen Rotaxan fĂŒhrte die elektrochemische Schaltung zu einem Vorzeichenwechsel des elektronischen Zirkulardichroismus. In einem Homo[3]rotaxan konnten anziehende, nicht-kovalente Wechselwirkung zwischen zwei verlĂ€ngerten TTF-Einheiten, die sich jeweils in den beiden Reifen befanden, nachgewiesen werden. Sobald beide TTF-Einheiten zum Dikation oxidiert wurden, löste die Coulomb-Abstoßung eine 180° Rotation der beiden Reifen zueinander aus. Durch die Anwendung von integraler Selbstsortierung konnten zwei verschiedene Reifen auf eine Achse gefĂ€delt werden und so Hetero[3]pseudorotaxane gebildet werden. Das Selbstsortierungsgleichgewicht wurde untersucht und es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der kleinere zweite Reif den grĂ¶ĂŸeren Einfluss auf die Eigenschaften des Hetero[3]pseudorotaxane hatte als der grĂ¶ĂŸere Reif. Davonausgehend wurden vier Hetero[3]rotaxane hergestellt. Die Bildung eines divalenten Pseudorotaxans, das TTF- und NDI-Einheiten enthĂ€lt zeigte positive ChelatkooperativitĂ€t und eine intramolekulare Ladungstransferbande entstand, welche die Bildung eines Donor-Akzeptor-Komplexes zwischen TTF und NDI belegte. Die elektrochemische Schaltung eines daraus hergestellten Donor-Akzpetor-Rotaxans zeigte interessante optoelektronische Eigenschaften

    Particle Physics Reference Library

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    This second open access volume of the handbook series deals with detectors, large experimental facilities and data handling, both for accelerator and non-accelerator based experiments. It also covers applications in medicine and life sciences. A joint CERN-Springer initiative, the “Particle Physics Reference Library” provides revised and updated contributions based on previously published material in the well-known Landolt-Boernstein series on particle physics, accelerators and detectors (volumes 21A,B1,B2,C), which took stock of the field approximately one decade ago. Central to this new initiative is publication under full open access

    Studies relating to the coupling of carbon dioxide and propene at nickel (0).

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    The work described in this thesis is concerned with the regioselective coupling of carbon dioxide and propene in the presence of nickel catalysts to give methacrylic acid, the catalytic cycle for which is given m Figure 1.0. An important aim of the work is to obtain information which can lead to a better understanding of the chemistry involved and to a viable process for the industrial production of methacrylic acid. Carbon dioxide is a remarkable source of carbon both as gas or bound in carbonate rocks. The total amount of carbon existing in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide is estimated to be 720 x 10(^9) tons(^1). The chemical utilisation of carbon dioxide as a resource for the production of useful substances has been rather limited, however. The large quantities of carbon dioxide available at relatively inexpensive cost is one driving force for the development of the use of carbon dioxide in industry. Another pressure to find ways to use carbon dioxide is related to its perceived role in the greenhouse effect. The important result of this work is the demonstration that the complexes of the type [L(_2)Ni{CH(_2)CH(CH(_3))COO}] (I) and [L(_2)Ni{CH(CH(_3))CH2COO}](_9) (II) can be synthesised from methacrylic acid (I) and crotonic acid (II) respectively via an extension of the chemistry developed by Yamammoto et al and reviewed in chapter four(i). The same complexes can also be synthesised from propene and carbon dioxide via an oxidative coupling reaction at phosphine liganded nickel(O). The synthesis of the intermediates (type I and II) from the corresponding carboxylic acid is a two step process. The oxidative addition of methacrylic/crotonic acids to nickel(0) only occurs in the presence of one molar equivalence of tricyclohexylphosphine, a highly electron donating sterically demanding phosphine. The second reaction to form complexes of die type [L(_2)Ni{CH(_2)CH(CH(_3))COO}] (I) and [L(_2)Ni{CH(CH(_3))CH(_2)COO}] (II) is a ligand displacement reaction. The following compounds have been synthesised. Type (I) [L(_2)Ni{CH(_2)CH(CH(_2))COO}] where = DPPE(IB), DCPE(1C), DCPP(1D), DCPy(lG), Bipy(lH), Phen(lJ), TMEDA(II). Type (II) [L(_2)NiCH(CH(_3))CH(_2)COO] where L(_2) = DPPE(IE), DCPE(IF).The complex [(DCPE)Ni{CH(_2)CH(CH(_3))COO}] has been used for further reaction shidies, chosen because it has been shown that it can be synthesised from methacrylic acid as well as from propene/carbon dioxide mixtures. Ways were sought to destabilise the metallacycle to liberate methacrylic acid, the use of maleic anhydride and heat/pressure are reported. The final section of this work involved the oxidative coupling of propene and carbon dioxide at liganded nickel(O). Successful coupling in high yield was obtained using die ligands DCPE and DCPy only to yield complexes of the type [L(_2)Ni{CH(_2)CH(CH(_3))COO}] and [L(_2)Ni{CH(CH(_3))CH(_2)COO}]. A small degree of coupling was indicated using DCPP but this was only a minor component of the nickel containing species isolated at the end of the reaction. The amine ligands tried all appeared to form carboxylates and/or carbonates as indicated by die IR spectra of the solids isolated

    Antibacterial secondary metabolites from four endophytic fungi, Eupenicillium sp., Diaporthe sp., Fusarium decemcellulare and Alternaria sp.

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    Endophytes are microorganisms that colonize living, internal tissues of host plants for at least a part of their life cycle without causing any immediate, visible manifestation of disease. Endophytic microorganisms as a promising source of antibacterial natural products have attracted considerable attention. The main objective of this study was isolation, identification and antibacterial evaluation of secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi harbored in Chinese medicinal plants Xanthium sibiricum, Mahonia fortunei, and Lonicera japonica, which have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for treating bacterial infection-related ailments. An endophyte, Eupenicillium sp. LG41 was isolated from the root of X. sibiricum. Twenty-two secondary metabolites including six decalin motif-containing compounds (five new) (1-6), two new sirenin derivatives (7 and 8), three pigments (one new) (9-11), eight paraconic acids and alkylitaconic acids (three new natural products) (12, 14, 16, 19, and 21-24), and three other known compounds (25-27), were isolated from the rice, PDB or modified PDB medium using the OSMAC approach. Four methylated derivatives (13, 15, 17, and 20) and an isomerization product (18) of paraconic acids were obtained for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. The endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. LG23 which was isolated from the leaves of M. fortunei collected from Shanghai, China, produced twelve metabolites including a novel tetracyclic triterpenoid with an aromatic B-ring system (28), seven biosynthetically related known steroids (29-35), together with four aromatic or glycosylated compounds (one new) (36-39). Further isolation and identification of endophytic fungi from M. fortunei (stem) collected from a different location, Guangdong, China, afforded an endophyte, Fusarium decemcellulare LG53. Chemical investigation led to the identification of eight compounds: three new cyclic pentapeptides (40-42), two cyclic lipopeptides (one new) (43 and 44), a new pyrone derivative (45), a known xanthone derivative (46), and a reported triterpenoid (47). Alternaria sp. LG19 was derived from the leaves of L. japonica. It was discovered to produce two aromatic metabolites (48 and 53), four well-known Alternaria mycotoxins including altenuene (49), isoaltenuene (50), alternariol (51) and altertoxin I (52), as well as a dicarboxylic acid (54). Altogether, forty-nine compounds were isolated from the above four endophytic fungi and five semi-synthetic derivatives were experimentally produced. Among the isolated compounds, fifteen compounds have new structures and three are new natural products which were reported as synthetic products in the literature. Their planar and relative structures were determined by the interpretation of spectroscopic data, such as IR, UV, HRMSn and NMR, and/or the single crystal X-ray diffraction study, and/or 13C NMR calculation. Their absolute configurations were deduced by one or more of following methods, ECD and optical rotation data, ECD and ORD calculations, Marfey’s method, and the single crystal X-ray diffraction study with a Cu-Kα radiation. The antibacterial efficacies of new compounds were investigated against several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria obtained as clinical or environmental strains. For decalin-containing metabolites, eupenicinicol B (3) had the same efficacy as that of gentamicin against clinically relevant bacterium Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 1.0 ”g/mL, while eupenicinicol D (5) was more active than 3 with an MIC value of 0.1 ”g/mL. These data support the notion that altering the substitution at C-11 could drastically increase the inhibitory activity. The paraconic acid (2S,3R,4S)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-pentyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-carboxylic acid (12) was discovered to only inhibit tested Acinetobacter spp., especially the multi-drug resistant strain Acinetobacter baumannii. The above data indicated a genus-specific antibacterial compound with a preferred stereochemical configuration. The novel tetracyclic triterpenoid 19-nor-lanosta-5(10),6,8,24-tetraene-1α,3ÎČ,12ÎČ,22S-tetraol (28) showed pronounced antibacterial efficacy against all the tested organisms, especially against the clinical isolates Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 5 and 28 also demonstrated marked cytotoxicity against human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1), while 12 exhibited no cytotoxic activity. The results reported in this thesis provide several antibacterial secondary metabolites worthy of further investigation, especially the paraconic acid (12, termed pacbactin), underlining the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of diverse antibiotics.Endophyten sind Mikroorganismen, die lebende innere Gewebe von Wirtspflanzen fĂŒr zumindest einen Teil des Lebenszyklus besiedeln, ohne sichtbare Erkrankungen auszulösen. Endophytische Mikroorganismen haben betrĂ€chtliche Aufmerksamkeit als eine vielversprechende Quelle fĂŒr antibakterielle Naturprodukte erregt. Das Ziel dieser Forschung war die Isolierung, Identifizierung, und antibakterielle Bewertung der SekundĂ€rmetaboliten endophytischer Pilze aus den chinesischen Heilpflanzen Xanthium sibiricum, Mahonia fortunei und Lonicera japonica, welche in der traditionellen chinesischen Medizin (TCM) zur Behandlung von bakteriellen Infektionen verwendet werden. Ein Endophyt, Eupenicillium sp. LG41 wurde aus der Wurzel von X. sibiricum isoliert. 22 SekundĂ€rmetaboliten, darunter sechs Decalin Motiv-enthaltende Verbindungen (fĂŒnf neu) (1-6), zwei neue Sirenin-Derivate (7 und 8), drei Pigmente (ein neues) (9-11), acht ParaconsĂ€uren und AlkylitaconsĂ€uren (drei neue Naturprodukte) (12, 14, 16, 19 und 21-24), und drei weitere bekannte Verbindungen (25-27), wurden aus Kultivierung mit Reis, PDB oder modifiziertem PDB Medium unter Verwendung des OSMAC-Ansatzes isoliert. Vier methylierte Derivate (13, 15, 17 und 20) und ein Isomerisierungsprodukt (18) der ParaconsĂ€ure wurden zur Struktur-AktivitĂ€ts-Beziehungs (SAR) -Analyse erhaltet. Der endophytische Pilz Diaporthe sp. LG23, der aus den BlĂ€ttern von M. fortunei aus Shanghai, China isoliert wurde, produzierte zwölf Metaboliten einschließlich eines neuartigen tetracyclischen Triterpens mit einem aromatischen B-Ringsystem (28), sieben biosynthetisch verwandte und bekannte Steroide (29-35) zusammen mit vier aromatischen oder glycosylierten Verbindungen (eine neu) (36-39). Des Weiteren wurde der endophytische Pilz Fusarium decemcellulare LG53 aus M. fortunei (Stamm) von Guangdong, China isoliert. Chemische Untersuchungen fĂŒhrten zur Identifizierung von achten Verbindungen: drei neue cyclische Pentapeptide (40-42), zwei zyklische Lipopeptide (eins neu) (43 und 44), ein neues Pyron-Derivat (45), ein bekanntes Xanthon-Derivat (46) und ein Triterpenoid (47). Alternaria sp. LG19 wurde aus den BlĂ€ttern von L. japonica isoliert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass dieser Endophyt zwei aromatische Metaboliten (48 und 53), vier bekannte Alternaria-Mykotoxine einschließlich Altenuen (49), Isoaltenuen (50), Alternariol (51) und Altertoxin I (52), sowie eine DicarbonsĂ€ure produziert (54). Insgesamt wurden 49 Verbindungen aus den genannten endophytischen Pilzen isoliert und fĂŒnf halbsynthetische Derivate experimentell hergestellt. Unter den isolierten Verbindungen besitzen 15 Verbindungen neue Strukturen und drei Stoffe konnten als Naturprodukte identifiziert werden, die bisher als synthetische Produkte in der Literatur berichtet wurden. Ihre relativen Strukturen wurden durch die Auswertung spektroskopischer Daten, wie beispielsweise IR, UV, NMR und HRMSn, Einkristall-Röntgenstrukturanalyse und/oder 13C-NMR-Berechnung bestimmt. Ihre absoluten Konfigurationen wurden durch eine oder mehrere Verfahren wie ECD und Drehwinkel, ECD und ORD Berechnungen, Marfey-Analyse und Einkristall-Röntgenbeugungsanalyse mit Cu-Kα-Strahlung bestimmt. Die antibakterielle AktivitĂ€t der neuen Verbindungen wurden fĂŒr verschiedene Gram-positive und Gram-negative Bakterien die als klinische oder Wild-StĂ€mme gelten untersucht. Der Decalin-haltige Metabolit Eupenicinicol B (3) hatte die gleiche Wirkung wie Gentamicin gegen das Bakterium Staphylococcus aureus in einer Konzentration von 1,0 ”g/mL, wĂ€hrend Eupenicinicol D (5) mit einem MIC-Wert von 0,1 ”g/mL aktiver war als 3. Diese Daten unterstĂŒtzen die Vorstellung, dass eine Änderung der Substitution an C-11 die inhibitorische AktivitĂ€t drastisch erhöht. Die ParaconsĂ€ure (2S,3R,4S)-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-pentyl-tetrahydro-furan-3-carbonsĂ€ure (12) konnte Acinetobacter spp., insbesondere den resistenten Stamm Acinetobacter baumannii, hemmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine gattungsspezifische antibakterielle Verbindung mit einer bevorzugten stereochemischen Konfiguration. Das neuartige tetracyclische Triterpenoid 19-Nor-Lanostan-5(10),6,8,24-tetraen-1α,3ÎČ,12ÎČ,22S-Tetraol (28) zeigte eine ausgeprĂ€gte antibakterielle Wirksamkeit gegen alle getesteten Organismen, vor allem gegen die klinisch-relevanten SrĂ€mme Streptococcus pyogenes und Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Die Stoffe 5 und 28 zeigten zusĂ€tzlich deutliche ZytotoxizitĂ€t gegen die menschliche akute monozytĂ€re LeukĂ€mie-Zelllinie (THP-1), wĂ€hrend 12 keine zytotoxische AktivitĂ€t besaß. Die in dieser Arbeit berichteten und strukturell aufgeklĂ€rten antibakteriellen SekundĂ€rmetaboliten sollten weitergehend untersucht werden. Insbesondere die ParaconsĂ€ure (12, pacbactin) unterstreicht das Potential endophytischer Pilze als Quelle fĂŒr Antibiotika

    Applications of Monte Carlo Methods in Biology, Medicine and Other Fields of Science

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    This volume is an eclectic mix of applications of Monte Carlo methods in many fields of research should not be surprising, because of the ubiquitous use of these methods in many fields of human endeavor. In an attempt to focus attention on a manageable set of applications, the main thrust of this book is to emphasize applications of Monte Carlo simulation methods in biology and medicine

    Under the influence: Understanding the thermodynamic and optical properties of stimuli-responsive complex organic systems

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    A solid understanding of the optical and thermodynamic features of a chemical system is indispensable for the development and optimisation of new materials. Stimuli-responsive substances may be incorporated into optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes or sensory systems. Especially in recent years, photo-sensitive molecular aggregates and redox-switchable supramolecular architectures have proven their merit. Due to their flexible components, these noncovalently bound systems often exhibit perplexing behaviour when submitted to external stimuli, such as light or electric potential. Examples addressed in this thesis include substitution-pattern controlled fluorescence quantum yields and redox-induced switchable spectroscopic responses. While there are plenty of powerful experimental techniques around to examine the underlying mechanisms, high-level quantum-chemical approaches are often crucial for a final and conclusive interpretation of one’s experimental results. The aim of this thesis is to examine the broad scope of stimuli-responsive molecular aggregates and demonstrate the versatility of quantum-chemical methods to study their optical and thermodynamic properties. To this end, I will present six different publications separated into two parts, A and B, each contributing three papers. Due to the variety of the molecules studied in this work, computational protocols effectively tailored for each project had to be developed. The applied methods are used to study electronic as well as molecular structures and include solvent and finite-temperature effects for comparison to experiment. A major emphasis is put on the evaluation of excited states. In addition to the valuable knowledge we could gain about the underlying chemistry of the investigated systems, these protocols serve as a potent tool for the examination of similar problems. All papers include combined approaches of theory and experiment and, hence, showcase the efficient collaboration of experimental and theoretical groups. In part A, I will present a new class of fluorescent dyes: Diaminodicyanoquinones (DADQs). Owing to a large dipole moment, redox-activity, and tailorable fluorescence, DADQs are promising candidates for a variety of applications in the context of molecular electronics. Papers A1-A3 effectively follow a bottom-up approach examining monomers, aggregates in solution, and the solid state with a focus on their absorption and emission features. In all three publications, remarkable experimental observations are made including notably high quantum yields and counterintuitive concentration-dependent absorption peaks. In each case, a combination of multiple high-level state-of-the-art quantum-chemical approaches including DFT/MRCI (density functional theory/multi-reference configuration interaction) is utilised to thoroughly investigate the chemical systems and find explanations for the often unexpected experimental results. Part B presents three different redox-responsive supramolecular systems, each displaying intriguing thermodynamic or optical properties, which could only be fully unravelled by rigorous theoretical studies. Redox-responsiveness is induced either by incorporation of the organosulfur compound tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or by complexation with a redox-active molecule such as cobaltocene. A variety of different quantum-chemical methods based on DFT and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) is employed in the course of part B to study switching mechanisms and rationalise thermodynamic features. In this way, the examined supramolecular structures are now equipped with an in-depth understanding of their often non-trivial chemical behaviour which paves the way towards applications in novel optoelectronic technologies.Ein klares VerstĂ€ndnis der optischen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften chemischer Systeme ist unabdingbar fĂŒr die Entwicklung und Optimierung neuer Materialien. Substanzen, die sich von Ă€ußeren EinflĂŒssen steuern lassen, können in optoelektronische GerĂ€te wie organische Leuchtdioden oder Sensorsysteme eingebaut werden. Besonders in den vergangenen Jahren haben photo-sensitive molekulare Aggregate und redox-schaltbare supramolekulare Architekturen ihren Wert unter Beweis gestellt. Aufgrund ihrer flexiblen Einzelkomponenten zeigen diese nichtkovalent gebundenen Systeme oftmals ein verblĂŒffendes Verhalten, wenn sie durch Ă€ußere Reize wie Licht oder ein elektrisches Potenzial beeinflusst werden. Beispiele, die in dieser Dissertation adressiert werden, sind Substitutionsmuster-kontrollierte Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten und redox-induzierte schaltbare spektroskopische Signale. WĂ€hrend es eine große Anzahl an vielseitigen experimentellen Methoden gibt, um die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zu studieren, ist oftmals die Verwendung anspruchsvoller quantenchemischer AnsĂ€tze vonnöten, um eine endgĂŒltige und schlĂŒssige Interpretation der experimentellen Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Diese Arbeit ist darauf ausgerichtet, die Vielseitigkeit von durch Ă€ußere Reize steuerbare (eng. stimuli-responsive) molekulare Aggregate zu analysieren und die FlexibilitĂ€t von quantenchemischen Methoden aufzuzeigen, die zur Untersuchung ihrer optischen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften genutzt werden. Zu diesem Zweck werde ich sechs Publikationen vorstellen, aufgeteilt in zwei Teile, A und B, die jeweils drei Arbeiten beitragen. Aufgrund der VielfĂ€ltigkeit der untersuchten MolekĂŒle wurden Berechnungsverfahren entwickelt, die im wesentlichen fĂŒr jedes Projekt aufs Neue maßgeschneidert werden mussten. Die angewandten Methoden sind darauf ausgelegt, sowohl elektronische als auch molekulare Strukturen zu beschreiben und Solvatations- und TemperatureinflĂŒsse fĂŒr den Vergleich zu Experimenten mit einzubeziehen. Ein großes Augenmerk liegt auf der Analyse von angeregten ZustĂ€nden. Abgesehen von den wertvollen Erkenntnissen, die wir ĂŒber die zugrundeliegende Chemie der untersuchten Systeme erhalten konnten, dienen die entwickelten BerechnungsansĂ€tze als leistungsfĂ€higes Werkzeug fĂŒr das Herangehen an Ă€hnliche Probleme. Alle Publikationen beinhalten aus Theorie und Experiment kombinierte AnsĂ€tze und illustrieren damit die effiziente Zusammenarbeit von theoretisch und experimentell arbeitenden Forschungsgruppen. In Teil A werde ich eine neuartige Klasse von fluoreszierenden Farbstoffen vorstellen: Diaminodicyanochinone (DADQs). Aufgrund ihrer hohen Dipolmomente, RedoxaktivitĂ€t und einstellbaren Fluoreszenz sind DADQs vielversprechende Kandidaten fĂŒr eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen im Kontext der molekularen Elektronik. Publikationen A1-A3 folgen im wesentlichen einem Bottom-up-Ansatz, bei dem es um die Untersuchung von Monomeren, Aggregaten in Lösung und Festkörperstoffen geht, wobei ein Fokus auf deren Absorptions- und Emissionseigenschaften liegt. In allen drei Arbeiten sind erstaunliche experimentelle Beobachtungen gemacht worden wie beispielsweise extrem hohe Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten oder kontraintuitive konzentrationsabhĂ€ngige Absorptionsbanden. In jeder Untersuchung wurde eine Vielzahl an hochmodernen quantenchemischen Methoden inklusive des DFT/MRCI (Dichtefunktionaltheorie/Multireferenz-Konfigurationswechselwirkung) Ansatzes genutzt, um eine ausfĂŒhrliche Analyse der chemischen Systeme zu gewĂ€hrleisten und ErklĂ€rungen fĂŒr die unerwarteten experimentellen Beobachtungen zu finden. In Teil B werden drei verschiedene redox-stimulierbare supramolekulare Systeme prĂ€sentiert, die alle interessante thermodynamische und optische Eigenschaften aufzeigen, welche nur durch den sorgfĂ€ltigen Einsatz von theoretischen Methoden vollkommen verstanden werden konnten. Redox-Stimulierbarkeit wurde entweder durch die Eingliederung der schwefelorganischen Verbindung Tetrathiafulvalen (TTF) oder durch Komplexierung mit einem redox-aktiven MolekĂŒl wie Cobaltocen induziert. Verschiedene quantenchemische auf DFT und zeitabhĂ€ngiger DFT (TD-DFT) basierende AnsĂ€tze wurden in Teil B benutzt, um Schaltmechanismen zu untersuchen und thermodynamische Eigenschaften zu rationalisieren. Dadurch erhielten wir ein tiefes VerstĂ€ndnis der oftmals alles andere als trivialen chemischen Verhaltensweisen der supramolekularen Strukturen, was den Weg zur Anwendung in neuartigen, optoelektronischen Technologien ebnet

    Multifunctional mesoporous nanoparticles for drug delivery

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    36th Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry

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    Program, abstracts, and information about the 36th annual meeting of the Rocky Mountain Conference on Analytical Chemistry, co-sponsored by the Colorado Section of the American Chemical Society and the Rocky Mountain Section of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy. Held in Denver, Colorado, July 31 - August 5, 1994

    Development of maleimide derived fluorescent organic molecules to organometallic complexes

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    Maleimide-based fluorophores have been effectively employed as bio-probes due to their attractive photophysical attributes, such as small size, high responsivity, and high reactivity while being non-invasive. However, their applicability in the biosystems has been limited due to the fluorescence quenching, caused by the interactions with the polar protic solvents. Therefore, this work is focused on improving the fluorescence in polar media through chemical modifications. For this purpose, the maleimide was functionalized with electron-withdrawing groups, which led to an increased fluorescence efficiency in the solution-state by reducing the interaction with protic solvents; and in the solid-state through the suppression of stacking interactions, thus providing a dual-state emission mechanism. Furthermore, the maleimide derivatives were successfully used as ligands to develop the fluorescent half-sandwich transition metal complexes, thus expanding the scope for their use as hybrid probes. Additionally, the coordination of maleimide-based chromophores to the lanthanide metal ions enhances their luminescence, by overruling the ligand-to-metal charge transfer state with ligand-centered transitions

    Discovery of Novel Amidotransferase Activity Involved In Archaeosine Biosynthesis and Structural and Kinetic Investigation of QueF, an Enzyme Involved in Queuosine Biosynthesis

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    The 7-deazaguanosine nucleosides queuosine (Q) and archaeosine (Gâș) are two of the most structurally complex modified nucleosides found in tRNA. Q is found exclusively in the wobble position of tRNAGUN coding for the amino acids asparagine, aspartate, histidine and tyrosine in eukarya and bacteria, while (Gâș) occurs in nearly all archaeal tRNA at position 15. In archaea preQ₀ is inserted into tRNA by the enzyme tRNA-guanine transglycosylase (TGT), which catalyzes the exchange of guanine with preQ₀ to produce preQ₀-tRNA. The first objective of this study was to identify and characterize the enzyme(s) catalyzing the conversion of preQ₀-tRNA to G+-tRNA. Comparative genomics identified a protein family possibly involved in the final steps of archaeosine biosynthesis, which was annotated as TgtA2. Structure based alignments comparing TGT and TgtA2 revealed that TgtA2 lacked key TGT catalytic residues and contained an additional module. The gene corresponding to tgtA2 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (mj1022) was cloned, expressed and the purified recombinant enzyme characterized. Recombinant MjTgtA2 was shown to convert preQ₀-tRNA to Gâș-tRNA using glutamine, asparagine or NH₄âș as nitrogen donors in an ATP-independent reaction. This is the only example of the conversion of a nitrile to a formamidine known in biology. QueF catalyzes the reduction of preQ₀ to 7-aminomethyl-7-deazaguanine preQ₀ in the queuosine biosynthetic pathway. The second aim of this study was the transient state kinetic analysis of substrate binding and catalysis by the enzyme QueF, as well as investigation of the effects of ligands on its quaternary structure. Gel filtration and sedimentation equilibrium analyses indicated that QueF exists as a hybrid population in a rapid equilibrium between decamer and pentamer states. Addition of preQ₀ to QueF resulted in shifting the equilibrium towards the decamer state, as did the addition of divalent metals. Potassium chloride at high concentrations was found to disrupt the quaternary structure of QueF. Intrinsic tryptophan and NADPH fluorescence was used to determine the substrate binding to QueF by stopped-flow kinetic studies. Studies on the binding of preQ₀ to QueF in conjuction with binding NADPH to the QueF mutant E78A-thioimide intermediate suggested a two-step mechanism consisting of a fast bimolecular process and a subsequent slower unimolecular process, while the binding of preQ₀ to the C55A mutant was monophasic, consisting of only the fast bimolecular process. Thioimide formation was monitored by UV-Vis; under single turnover conditions the data fit well to single exponential rise. However, at high preQ₀ concentrations two phases could be observed. The reduction of the thioimide was determined under single turnover conditions by both UV-Vis and fluorescence, and comparable rates were obtained from both techniques. These results indicate that the binding of preQ₀ and NADPH to QueF, as well as thioimide formation, are very rapid; and that reduction of the thioimide is most likely the rate limiting step. Analysis of component rates suggests structural changes occur between these steps, further limiting the overall rate
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