422 research outputs found
Survey and Systematization of Secure Device Pairing
Secure Device Pairing (SDP) schemes have been developed to facilitate secure
communications among smart devices, both personal mobile devices and Internet
of Things (IoT) devices. Comparison and assessment of SDP schemes is
troublesome, because each scheme makes different assumptions about out-of-band
channels and adversary models, and are driven by their particular use-cases. A
conceptual model that facilitates meaningful comparison among SDP schemes is
missing. We provide such a model. In this article, we survey and analyze a wide
range of SDP schemes that are described in the literature, including a number
that have been adopted as standards. A system model and consistent terminology
for SDP schemes are built on the foundation of this survey, which are then used
to classify existing SDP schemes into a taxonomy that, for the first time,
enables their meaningful comparison and analysis.The existing SDP schemes are
analyzed using this model, revealing common systemic security weaknesses among
the surveyed SDP schemes that should become priority areas for future SDP
research, such as improving the integration of privacy requirements into the
design of SDP schemes. Our results allow SDP scheme designers to create schemes
that are more easily comparable with one another, and to assist the prevention
of persisting the weaknesses common to the current generation of SDP schemes.Comment: 34 pages, 5 figures, 3 tables, accepted at IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials 2017 (Volume: PP, Issue: 99
Towards Multidimensional Verification: Where Functional Meets Non-Functional
Trends in advanced electronic systems' design have a notable impact on design
verification technologies. The recent paradigms of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) assume devices immersed in physical environments,
significantly constrained in resources and expected to provide levels of
security, privacy, reliability, performance and low power features. In recent
years, numerous extra-functional aspects of electronic systems were brought to
the front and imply verification of hardware design models in multidimensional
space along with the functional concerns of the target system. However,
different from the software domain such a holistic approach remains
underdeveloped. The contributions of this paper are a taxonomy for
multidimensional hardware verification aspects, a state-of-the-art survey of
related research works and trends towards the multidimensional verification
concept. The concept is motivated by an example for the functional and power
verification dimensions.Comment: 2018 IEEE Nordic Circuits and Systems Conference (NORCAS): NORCHIP
and International Symposium of System-on-Chip (SoC
Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges
A large section of the population around the globe is migrating towards urban settlements.
Nations are working toward smart city projects to provide a better wellbeing for the inhabitants.
Cyber-physical systems are at the core of the smart city setups. They are used in almost every system
component within a smart city ecosystem. This paper attempts to discuss the key components
and issues involved in transforming conventional cities into smart cities with a special focus on
cyber-physical systems in the Indian context. The paper primarily focuses on the infrastructural
facilities and technical knowhow to smartly convert classical cities that were built haphazardly due
to overpopulation and ill planning into smart cities. It further discusses cyber-physical systems as
a core component of smart city setups, highlighting the related security issues. The opportunities
for businesses, governments, inhabitants, and other stakeholders in a smart city ecosystem in the
Indian context are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the issues and challenges concerning technical,
financial, and other social and infrastructural bottlenecks in the way of realizing smart city concepts
along with future research directions
Modern computing: Vision and challenges
Over the past six decades, the computing systems field has experienced significant transformations, profoundly impacting society with transformational developments, such as the Internet and the commodification of computing. Underpinned by technological advancements, computer systems, far from being static, have been continuously evolving and adapting to cover multifaceted societal niches. This has led to new paradigms such as cloud, fog, edge computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), which offer fresh economic and creative opportunities. Nevertheless, this rapid change poses complex research challenges, especially in maximizing potential and enhancing functionality. As such, to maintain an economical level of performance that meets ever-tighter requirements, one must understand the drivers of new model emergence and expansion, and how contemporary challenges differ from past ones. To that end, this article investigates and assesses the factors influencing the evolution of computing systems, covering established systems and architectures as well as newer developments, such as serverless computing, quantum computing, and on-device AI on edge devices. Trends emerge when one traces technological trajectory, which includes the rapid obsolescence of frameworks due to business and technical constraints, a move towards specialized systems and models, and varying approaches to centralized and decentralized control. This comprehensive review of modern computing systems looks ahead to the future of research in the field, highlighting key challenges and emerging trends, and underscoring their importance in cost-effectively driving technological progress
From serendipity to sustainable Green IoT: technical, industrial and political perspective
Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) has become one of the largest electronics market for hardware production due to its fast evolving application space. However, one of the key challenges for IoT hardware is the energy efficiency as most of IoT devices/objects are expected to run on batteries for months/years without a battery replacement or on harvested energy sources. Widespread use of IoT has also led to a largescale rise in the carbon footprint. In this regard, academia, industry and policy-makers are constantly working towards new energy-efficient hardware and software solutions paving the way for an emerging area referred to as green-IoT. With the direct integration and the evolution of smart communication between physical world and computer-based systems, IoT devices are also expected to reduce the total amount of energy consumption for the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector.
However, in order to increase its chance of success and to help at reducing the overall energy consumption and carbon emissions a comprehensive investigation into how to achieve green-IoT is required. In this context, this paper surveys the green perspective of the IoT paradigm and aims to contribute at establishing a global approach for green-IoT environments. A comprehensive approach is presented that focuses not only on the specific solutions but also on the interaction among them, and highlights the precautions/decisions the policy makers need to take. On one side, the ongoing European projects and standardization efforts as well as industry and academia based solutions are presented and on the other side, the challenges, open issues, lessons learned and the role of policymakers towards green-IoT are discussed.
The survey shows that due to many existing open issues (e.g., technical considerations, lack of standardization, security and privacy, governance and legislation, etc.) that still need to be addressed, a realistic implementation of a sustainable green-IoT environment that could be universally accepted and deployed, is still missing
After the Gold Rush: The Boom of the Internet of Things, and the Busts of Data-Security and Privacy
This Article addresses the impact that the lack of oversight of the Internet of Things has on digital privacy. While the Internet of Things is but one vehicle for technological innovation, it has created a broad glimpse into domestic life, thus triggering several privacy issues that the law is attempting to keep pace with. What the Internet of Things can reveal is beyond the control of the individual, as it collects information about every practical aspect of an individual’s life, and provides essentially unfettered access into the mind of its users. This Article proposes that the federal government and the state governments bend toward consumer protection while creating a cogent and predictable body of law surrounding the Internet of Things. Through privacy-by-design or self-help, it is imperative that the Internet of Things—and any of its unforeseen progeny—develop with an eye toward safeguarding individual privacy while allowing technological development
WHYPE: A Scale-Out Architecture with Wireless Over-the-Air Majority for Scalable In-memory Hyperdimensional Computing
Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is an emerging computing paradigm that
represents, manipulates, and communicates data using long random vectors known
as hypervectors. Among different hardware platforms capable of executing HDC
algorithms, in-memory computing (IMC) has shown promise as it is very efficient
in performing matrix-vector multiplications, which are common in the HDC
algebra. Although HDC architectures based on IMC already exist, how to scale
them remains a key challenge due to collective communication patterns that
these architectures required and that traditional chip-scale networks were not
designed for. To cope with this difficulty, we propose a scale-out HDC
architecture called WHYPE, which uses wireless in-package communication
technology to interconnect a large number of physically distributed IMC cores
that either encode hypervectors or perform multiple similarity searches in
parallel. In this context, the key enabler of WHYPE is the opportunistic use of
the wireless network as a medium for over-the-air computation. WHYPE implements
an optimized source coding that allows receivers to calculate the bit-wise
majority of multiple hypervectors (a useful operation in HDC) being transmitted
concurrently over the wireless channel. By doing so, we achieve a joint
broadcast distribution and computation with a performance and efficiency
unattainable with wired interconnects, which in turn enables massive
parallelization of the architecture. Through evaluations at the on-chip network
and complete architecture levels, we demonstrate that WHYPE can bundle and
distribute hypervectors faster and more efficiently than a hypothetical wired
implementation, and that it scales well to tens of receivers. We show that the
average error rate of the majority computation is low, such that it has
negligible impact on the accuracy of HDC classification tasks.Comment: Accepted at IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits
and Systems (JETCAS). arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2205.1088
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