6,668 research outputs found
Dimensions of Neural-symbolic Integration - A Structured Survey
Research on integrated neural-symbolic systems has made significant progress
in the recent past. In particular the understanding of ways to deal with
symbolic knowledge within connectionist systems (also called artificial neural
networks) has reached a critical mass which enables the community to strive for
applicable implementations and use cases. Recent work has covered a great
variety of logics used in artificial intelligence and provides a multitude of
techniques for dealing with them within the context of artificial neural
networks. We present a comprehensive survey of the field of neural-symbolic
integration, including a new classification of system according to their
architectures and abilities.Comment: 28 page
A New Semantic Theory of Natural Language
Formal Semantics and Distributional Semantics are two important semantic
frameworks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Cognitive Semantics belongs to
the movement of Cognitive Linguistics, which is based on contemporary cognitive
science. Each framework could deal with some meaning phenomena, but none of
them fulfills all requirements proposed by applications. A unified semantic
theory characterizing all important language phenomena has both theoretical and
practical significance; however, although many attempts have been made in
recent years, no existing theory has achieved this goal yet.
This article introduces a new semantic theory that has the potential to
characterize most of the important meaning phenomena of natural language and to
fulfill most of the necessary requirements for philosophical analysis and for
NLP applications. The theory is based on a unified representation of
information, and constructs a kind of mathematical model called cognitive model
to interpret natural language expressions in a compositional manner. It accepts
the empirical assumption of Cognitive Semantics, and overcomes most
shortcomings of Formal Semantics and of Distributional Semantics. The theory,
however, is not a simple combination of existing theories, but an extensive
generalization of classic logic and Formal Semantics. It inherits nearly all
advantages of Formal Semantics, and also provides descriptive contents for
objects and events as fine-gram as possible, descriptive contents which
represent the results of human cognition
Variable types for meaning assembly: a logical syntax for generic noun phrases introduced by most
This paper proposes a way to compute the meanings associated with sentences
with generic noun phrases corresponding to the generalized quantifier most. We
call these generics specimens and they resemble stereotypes or prototypes in
lexical semantics. The meanings are viewed as logical formulae that can
thereafter be interpreted in your favourite models. To do so, we depart
significantly from the dominant Fregean view with a single untyped universe.
Indeed, our proposal adopts type theory with some hints from Hilbert
\epsilon-calculus (Hilbert, 1922; Avigad and Zach, 2008) and from medieval
philosophy, see e.g. de Libera (1993, 1996). Our type theoretic analysis bears
some resemblance with ongoing work in lexical semantics (Asher 2011; Bassac et
al. 2010; Moot, Pr\'evot and Retor\'e 2011). Our model also applies to
classical examples involving a class, or a generic element of this class, which
is not uttered but provided by the context. An outcome of this study is that,
in the minimalism-contextualism debate, see Conrad (2011), if one adopts a type
theoretical view, terms encode the purely semantic meaning component while
their typing is pragmatically determined
The informational stance: Philosophy and logic. Part I. The basic theories
To better understand what information is and to explain information-related issues has become an essential philosophical task. General concepts from science, ethics and sociology are insufficient. As noted by Floridi, a new philosophy, a Philosophy of Information (PI), is needed. In the 80’s, Wu Kun proposed a “The Basic Theory of the Philosophy of Information”, which became available in English only in 2010. Wu and Joseph Brenner then found that the latter’s non-standard “Logic in Reality” provided critical logical support for Wu’s theory. In Part I of our paper, we outline the two basic theories as a metaphilosophy and metalogic for information. We offer our two theories as a further contribution to an informational paradigm. In Part II [WuB14], we develop the relation between information and social value as a basis for the ethical development of the emerging Information Society
Genuine Process Logic
The Genuine Process Logic described here (abbreviation: GPL) places the object-bound process itself at the center of formalism. It should be suitable for everyday use, i.e. it is not primarily intended for the formalization of computer programs, but instead, as a counter-conception to the classical state logics. The new and central operator of the GPL is an action symbol replacing the classical state symbols, e.g. of equivalence or identity. The complete renunciation of object-language state expressions also results in a completely new metalinguistic framework, both regarding the axioms and the expressive possibilities of this system. A mixture with state logical terms is readily possible
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