3,287 research outputs found

    AFFECTIVE COMPUTING AND AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CAR DRIVING SIMULATORS

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    Car simulators are essential for training and for analyzing the behavior, the responses and the performance of the driver. Augmented Reality (AR) is the technology that enables virtual images to be overlaid on views of the real world. Affective Computing (AC) is the technology that helps reading emotions by means of computer systems, by analyzing body gestures, facial expressions, speech and physiological signals. The key aspect of the research relies on investigating novel interfaces that help building situational awareness and emotional awareness, to enable affect-driven remote collaboration in AR for car driving simulators. The problem addressed relates to the question about how to build situational awareness (using AR technology) and emotional awareness (by AC technology), and how to integrate these two distinct technologies [4], into a unique affective framework for training, in a car driving simulator

    A Review of Verbal and Non-Verbal Human-Robot Interactive Communication

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    In this paper, an overview of human-robot interactive communication is presented, covering verbal as well as non-verbal aspects of human-robot interaction. Following a historical introduction, and motivation towards fluid human-robot communication, ten desiderata are proposed, which provide an organizational axis both of recent as well as of future research on human-robot communication. Then, the ten desiderata are examined in detail, culminating to a unifying discussion, and a forward-looking conclusion

    Using Auto-Ordering to Improve Object Transfer between Mobile Devices

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    People frequently form small groups in many social and professional situations: from conference attendees meeting at a coffee break, to siblings gathering at a family barbecue. These ad-hoc gatherings typically form into predictable geometries based on circles or circular arcs (called F-Formations). Because our lives are increasingly stored and represented by data on handheld devices, the desire to be able to share digital objects while in these groupings has increased. Using the relative position in these groups to facilitate file sharing could facilitate intuitive interfaces such as passing or flicking. However, there is no reliable, lightweight, ad-hoc technology for detecting and representing relative locations around a circle. In this thesis, we present three systems that can auto-order locations about a circle based on sensors standard on commodity smartphones. We tested two of these systems using an object passing task in a laboratory environment against unordered and proximity-based systems, and show that our techniques are faster, more accurate, and preferred by users

    DEVELOPMENT OF VIDEO CONFERENCE USING JMF

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    Video Conferencing is well-planned to offer high quality ofreal time video and audio transmission. Video Conferencing has added extra flavors to students and lecturers interaction inUTP by having stable communication channel via real time video. Live feed from the media file and captured video can bebroadcasted through the thousand ofuniversity's population innetwork by concentrating in reserving the quality ofthe video while at the same time reducing the cost of bandwidth. It's always great compromise in maintaining the quality ofvideo with the cost bandwidth. Here it goes the need of good compression technique as compression will cause the data to lose some of the information and degrade the quality. The tolerable degradation is always at the author's spotlight. The student has undergone 3 significant phases of system development which are Analysis, Design, and Coding. The critical function ofJava Video Conferencing has been successfully implemented. Open the media file, capture the real time video, transmit the file, transmit the real time captured video, open the file in another computer, broadcast to the network attached computers and view the real time broadcasted video in the network attached computers. Communicating in text mode is an added feature in the Video Conferencing. This Video Conferencing has a room for improvement in achieving the best interaction mode in Information Communication Award. Video Conferencing is seen to have a bright future in realizing the need of Virtual Learning in UTP

    Construction and management of large-scale and complex virtual manufacturing environments.

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    SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN037121 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

    An interdisciplinary concept for human-centered explainable artificial intelligence - Investigating the impact of explainable AI on end-users

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    Since the 1950s, Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications have captivated people. However, this fascination has always been accompanied by disillusionment about the limitations of this technology. Today, machine learning methods such as Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are successfully used in various tasks. However, these methods also have limitations: Their complexity makes their decisions no longer comprehensible to humans - they are black-boxes. The research branch of Explainable AI (XAI) has addressed this problem by investigating how to make AI decisions comprehensible. This desire is not new. In the 1970s, developers of intrinsic explainable AI approaches, so-called white-boxes (e.g., rule-based systems), were dealing with AI explanations. Nowadays, with the increased use of AI systems in all areas of life, the design of comprehensible systems has become increasingly important. Developing such systems is part of Human-Centred AI (HCAI) research, which integrates human needs and abilities in the design of AI interfaces. For this, an understanding is needed of how humans perceive XAI and how AI explanations influence the interaction between humans and AI. One of the open questions concerns the investigation of XAI for end-users, i.e., people who have no expertise in AI but interact with such systems or are impacted by the system's decisions. This dissertation investigates the impact of different levels of interactive XAI of white- and black-box AI systems on end-users perceptions. Based on an interdisciplinary concept presented in this work, it is examined how the content, type, and interface of explanations of DNN (black box) and rule-based systems (white box) are perceived by end-users. How XAI influences end-users mental models, trust, self-efficacy, cognitive workload, and emotional state regarding the AI system is the centre of the investigation. At the beginning of the dissertation, general concepts regarding AI, explanations, and psychological constructs of mental models, trust, self-efficacy, cognitive load, and emotions are introduced. Subsequently, related work regarding the design and investigation of XAI for users is presented. This serves as a basis for the concept of a Human-Centered Explainable AI (HC-XAI) presented in this dissertation, which combines an XAI design approach with user evaluations. The author pursues an interdisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge from the research areas of (X)AI, Human-Computer Interaction, and Psychology. Based on this interdisciplinary concept, a five-step approach is derived and applied to illustrative surveys and experiments in the empirical part of this dissertation. To illustrate the first two steps, a persona approach for HC-XAI is presented, and based on that, a template for designing personas is provided. To illustrate the usage of the template, three surveys are presented that ask end-users about their attitudes and expectations towards AI and XAI. The personas generated from the survey data indicate that end-users often lack knowledge of XAI and that their perception of it depends on demographic and personality-related characteristics. Steps three to five deal with the design of XAI for concrete applications. For this, different levels of interactive XAI are presented and investigated in experiments with end-users. For this purpose, two rule-based systems (i.e., white-box) and four systems based on DNN (i.e., black-box) are used. These are applied for three purposes: Cooperation & collaboration, education, and medical decision support. Six user studies were conducted for this purpose, which differed in the interactivity of the XAI system used. The results show that end-users trust and mental models of AI depend strongly on the context of use and the design of the explanation itself. For example, explanations that a virtual agent mediates are shown to promote trust. The content and type of explanations are also perceived differently by users. The studies also show that end-users in different application contexts of XAI feel the desire for interactive explanations. The dissertation concludes with a summary of the scientific contribution, points out limitations of the presented work, and gives an outlook on possible future research topics to integrate explanations into everyday AI systems and thus enable the comprehensible handling of AI for all people.Seit den 1950er Jahren haben Anwendungen der KĂŒnstlichen Intelligenz (KI) die Menschen in ihren Bann gezogen. Diese Faszination wurde jedoch stets von ErnĂŒchterung ĂŒber die Grenzen dieser Technologie begleitet. Heute werden Methoden des maschinellen Lernens wie Deep Neural Networks (DNN) erfolgreich fĂŒr verschiedene Aufgaben eingesetzt. Doch auch diese Methoden haben ihre Grenzen: Durch ihre KomplexitĂ€t sind ihre Entscheidungen fĂŒr den Menschen nicht mehr nachvollziehbar - sie sind Black-Boxes. Der Forschungszweig der ErklĂ€rbaren KI (engl. XAI) hat sich diesem Problem angenommen und untersucht, wie man KI-Entscheidungen nachvollziehbar machen kann. Dieser Wunsch ist nicht neu. In den 1970er Jahren beschĂ€ftigten sich die Entwickler von intrinsisch erklĂ€rbaren KI-AnsĂ€tzen, so genannten White-Boxes (z. B. regelbasierte Systeme), mit KI-ErklĂ€rungen. Heutzutage, mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von KI-Systemen in allen Lebensbereichen, wird die Gestaltung nachvollziehbarer Systeme immer wichtiger. Die Entwicklung solcher Systeme ist Teil der Menschzentrierten KI (engl. HCAI) Forschung, die menschliche BedĂŒrfnisse und FĂ€higkeiten in die Gestaltung von KI-Schnittstellen integriert. DafĂŒr ist ein VerstĂ€ndnis darĂŒber erforderlich, wie Menschen XAI wahrnehmen und wie KI-ErklĂ€rungen die Interaktion zwischen Mensch und KI beeinflussen. Eine der offenen Fragen betrifft die Untersuchung von XAI fĂŒr Endnutzer, d.h. Menschen, die keine Expertise in KI haben, aber mit solchen Systemen interagieren oder von deren Entscheidungen betroffen sind. In dieser Dissertation wird untersucht, wie sich verschiedene Stufen interaktiver XAI von White- und Black-Box-KI-Systemen auf die Wahrnehmung der Endnutzer auswirken. Basierend auf einem interdisziplinĂ€ren Konzept, das in dieser Arbeit vorgestellt wird, wird untersucht, wie der Inhalt, die Art und die Schnittstelle von ErklĂ€rungen von DNN (Black-Box) und regelbasierten Systemen (White-Box) von Endnutzern wahrgenommen werden. Wie XAI die mentalen Modelle, das Vertrauen, die Selbstwirksamkeit, die kognitive Belastung und den emotionalen Zustand der Endnutzer in Bezug auf das KI-System beeinflusst, steht im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung. Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden allgemeine Konzepte zu KI, ErklĂ€rungen und psychologische Konstrukte von mentalen Modellen, Vertrauen, Selbstwirksamkeit, kognitiver Belastung und Emotionen vorgestellt. Anschließend werden verwandte Arbeiten bezĂŒglich dem Design und der Untersuchung von XAI fĂŒr Nutzer prĂ€sentiert. Diese dienen als Grundlage fĂŒr das in dieser Dissertation vorgestellte Konzept einer Menschzentrierten ErklĂ€rbaren KI (engl. HC-XAI), das einen XAI-Designansatz mit Nutzerevaluationen kombiniert. Die Autorin verfolgt einen interdisziplinĂ€ren Ansatz, der Wissen aus den Forschungsbereichen (X)AI, Mensch-Computer-Interaktion und Psychologie integriert. Auf der Grundlage dieses interdisziplinĂ€ren Konzepts wird ein fĂŒnfstufiger Ansatz abgeleitet und im empirischen Teil dieser Arbeit auf exemplarische Umfragen und Experimente und angewendet. Zur Veranschaulichung der ersten beiden Schritte wird ein Persona-Ansatz fĂŒr HC-XAI vorgestellt und darauf aufbauend eine Vorlage fĂŒr den Entwurf von Personas bereitgestellt. Um die Verwendung der Vorlage zu veranschaulichen, werden drei Umfragen prĂ€sentiert, in denen Endnutzer zu ihren Einstellungen und Erwartungen gegenĂŒber KI und XAI befragt werden. Die aus den Umfragedaten generierten Personas zeigen, dass es den Endnutzern oft an Wissen ĂŒber XAI mangelt und dass ihre Wahrnehmung dessen von demografischen und persönlichkeitsbezogenen Merkmalen abhĂ€ngt. Die Schritte drei bis fĂŒnf befassen sich mit der Gestaltung von XAI fĂŒr konkrete Anwendungen. Hierzu werden verschiedene Stufen interaktiver XAI vorgestellt und in Experimenten mit Endanwendern untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck werden zwei regelbasierte Systeme (White-Box) und vier auf DNN basierende Systeme (Black-Box) verwendet. Diese werden fĂŒr drei Zwecke eingesetzt: Kooperation & Kollaboration, Bildung und medizinische EntscheidungsunterstĂŒtzung. Hierzu wurden sechs Nutzerstudien durchgefĂŒhrt, die sich in der InteraktivitĂ€t des verwendeten XAI-Systems unterschieden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Vertrauen und die mentalen Modelle der Endnutzer in KI stark vom Nutzungskontext und der Gestaltung der ErklĂ€rung selbst abhĂ€ngen. Es hat sich beispielsweise gezeigt, dass ErklĂ€rungen, die von einem virtuellen Agenten vermittelt werden, das Vertrauen fördern. Auch der Inhalt und die Art der ErklĂ€rungen werden von den Nutzern unterschiedlich wahrgenommen. Die Studien zeigen zudem, dass Endnutzer in unterschiedlichen Anwendungskontexten von XAI den Wunsch nach interaktiven ErklĂ€rungen verspĂŒren. Die Dissertation schließt mit einer Zusammenfassung des wissenschaftlichen Beitrags, weist auf Grenzen der vorgestellten Arbeit hin und gibt einen Ausblick auf mögliche zukĂŒnftige Forschungsthemen, um ErklĂ€rungen in alltĂ€gliche KI-Systeme zu integrieren und damit den verstĂ€ndlichen Umgang mit KI fĂŒr alle Menschen zu ermöglichen

    Architectural visualisation toolkit for 3D Studio Max users

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    Architectural Visualisation has become a vital part of the design process for architects and engineers. The process of modelling and rendering an architectural visualisation can be complex and time consuming with only a few tools available to assist novice modellers. This paper looks at available solutions for visualisation specialists including AutoCAD, 3D Studio Max and Google SketchUp as well as available solutions which attempt to automate the process including Batzal Roof Designer. This thesis details a new program which has been developed to automate the modelling and rendering of the architectural visualisation process. The tool created for this thesis is written in MAXScript and runs along side 3D Studio Max. N.B.: Audio files were attached to this thesis at the time of its submission. Please refer to the author for further details

    CGAMES'2009

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    A head model with anatomical structure for facial modelling and animation

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    In this dissertation, I describe a virtual head model with anatomical structure. The model is animated in a physical-based manner by use of muscle contractions that in turn cause skin deformations; the simulation is efficient enough to achieve real-time frame rates on current PC hardware. Construction of head models is eased in my approach by deriving new models from a prototype, employing a deformation method that reshapes the complete virtual head structure. Without additional modeling tasks, this results in an immediately animatable model. The general deformation method allows for several applications such as adaptation to individual scan data for creation of animated head models of real persons. The basis for the deformation method is a set of facial feature points, which leads to other interesting uses when this set is chosen according to an anthropometric standard set of facial landmarks: I present algorithms for simulation of human head growth and reconstruction of a face from a skull.In dieser Dissertation beschreibe ich ein nach der menschlichen Anatomie strukturiertes virtuelles Kopfmodell. Dieses Modell wird physikbasiert durch Muskelkontraktionen bewegt, die wiederum Hautdeformationen hervorrufen; die Simulation ist effizient genug, um Echtzeitanimation auf aktueller PC-Hardware zu ermöglichen. Die Konstruktion eines Kopfmodells wird in meinem Ansatz durch Ableitung von einem Prototypen erleichtert, wozu eine Deformationstechnik verwendet wird, die die gesamte Struktur des virtuellen Kopfes transformiert. Ein vollstĂ€ndig animierbares Modell entsteht so ohne weitere Modellierungsschritte. Die allgemeine Deformationsmethode gestattet eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen, wie beispielsweise die Anpassung an individuelle Scandaten fĂŒr die Erzeugung von animierten Kopfmodellen realer Personen. Die Deformationstechnik basiert auf einer Menge von Markierungspunkten im Gesicht, was zu weiteren interessanten Einsatzgebieten fĂŒhrt, wenn diese mit Standard- Meßpunkten aus der Anthropometrie identifiziert werden: Ich stelle Algorithmen zur Simulation des menschlichen Kopfwachstums sowie der Rekonstruktion eines Gesichtes aus SchĂ€deldaten vor
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