Discriminatively guided filtering (DGF) for hyperspectral image classification

In this paper, we propose a new filtering framework called discriminatively guided image filtering (DGF), for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification. DGF integrates a discriminative classifier and a generative classifier by the guided filtering (GF), considering the complementary strength of these two types of classification paradigms. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, the combination of support vector machine (SVM) and linear discriminative analysis (LDA), which serve as a discriminative classifier and a generative classifier respectively, is investigated in this paper. Specifically, the original HSI is projected into the low-dimensional space induced by LDA to serve as guidance images for filtering the intermediate classification results induced by SVM. Experiment results show the superior performance of the proposed DGF compared with that of the principal component analysis (PCA)-based GF

A novel spectral-spatial singular spectrum analysis technique for near real-time in-situ feature extraction in hyperspectral imaging.

As a cutting-edge technique for denoising and feature extraction, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) has been applied successfully for feature mining in hyperspectral images (HSI). However, when applying SSA for in situ feature extraction in HSI, conventional pixel-based 1-D SSA fails to produce satisfactory results, while the band-image-based 2D-SSA is also infeasible especially for the popularly used line-scan mode. To tackle these challenges, in this article, a novel 1.5D-SSA approach is proposed for in situ spectral-spatial feature extraction in HSI, where pixels from a small window are used as spatial information. For each sequentially acquired pixel, similar pixels are located from a window centered at the pixel to form an extended trajectory matrix for feature extraction. Classification results on two well-known benchmark HSI datasets and an actual urban scene dataset have demonstrated that the proposed 1.5D-SSA achieves the superior performance compared with several state-of-the-art spectral and spatial methods. In addition, the near real-time implementation in aligning to the HSI acquisition process can meet the requirement of online image analysis for more efficient feature extraction than the conventional offline workflow

Graph-based Data Modeling and Analysis for Data Fusion in Remote Sensing

Hyperspectral imaging provides the capability of increased sensitivity and discrimination over traditional imaging methods by combining standard digital imaging with spectroscopic methods. For each individual pixel in a hyperspectral image (HSI), a continuous spectrum is sampled as the spectral reflectance/radiance signature to facilitate identification of ground cover and surface material. The abundant spectrum knowledge allows all available information from the data to be mined. The superior qualities within hyperspectral imaging allow wide applications such as mineral exploration, agriculture monitoring, and ecological surveillance, etc. The processing of massive high-dimensional HSI datasets is a challenge since many data processing techniques have a computational complexity that grows exponentially with the dimension. Besides, a HSI dataset may contain a limited number of degrees of freedom due to the high correlations between data points and among the spectra. On the other hand, merely taking advantage of the sampled spectrum of individual HSI data point may produce inaccurate results due to the mixed nature of raw HSI data, such as mixed pixels, optical interferences and etc. Fusion strategies are widely adopted in data processing to achieve better performance, especially in the field of classification and clustering. There are mainly three types of fusion strategies, namely low-level data fusion, intermediate-level feature fusion, and high-level decision fusion. Low-level data fusion combines multi-source data that is expected to be complementary or cooperative. Intermediate-level feature fusion aims at selection and combination of features to remove redundant information. Decision level fusion exploits a set of classifiers to provide more accurate results. The fusion strategies have wide applications including HSI data processing. With the fast development of multiple remote sensing modalities, e.g. Very High Resolution (VHR) optical sensors, LiDAR, etc., fusion of multi-source data can in principal produce more detailed information than each single source. On the other hand, besides the abundant spectral information contained in HSI data, features such as texture and shape may be employed to represent data points from a spatial perspective. Furthermore, feature fusion also includes the strategy of removing redundant and noisy features in the dataset. One of the major problems in machine learning and pattern recognition is to develop appropriate representations for complex nonlinear data. In HSI processing, a particular data point is usually described as a vector with coordinates corresponding to the intensities measured in the spectral bands. This vector representation permits the application of linear and nonlinear transformations with linear algebra to find an alternative representation of the data. More generally, HSI is multi-dimensional in nature and the vector representation may lose the contextual correlations. Tensor representation provides a more sophisticated modeling technique and a higher-order generalization to linear subspace analysis. In graph theory, data points can be generalized as nodes with connectivities measured from the proximity of a local neighborhood. The graph-based framework efficiently characterizes the relationships among the data and allows for convenient mathematical manipulation in many applications, such as data clustering, feature extraction, feature selection and data alignment. In this thesis, graph-based approaches applied in the field of multi-source feature and data fusion in remote sensing area are explored. We will mainly investigate the fusion of spatial, spectral and LiDAR information with linear and multilinear algebra under graph-based framework for data clustering and classification problems

Effective denoising and classification of hyperspectral images using curvelet transform and singular spectrum analysis

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) classification has become a popular research topic in recent years, and effective feature extraction is an important step before the classification task. Traditionally, spectral feature extraction techniques are applied to the HSI data cube directly. This paper presents a novel algorithm for HSI feature extraction by exploiting the curvelet transformed domain via a relatively new spectral feature processing technique – singular spectrum analysis (SSA). Although the wavelet transform has been widely applied for HSI data analysis, the curvelet transform is employed in this paper since it is able to separate image geometric details and background noise effectively. Using the support vector machine (SVM) classifier, experimental results have shown that features extracted by SSA on curvelet coefficients have better performance in terms of classification accuracies over features extracted on wavelet coefficients. Since the proposed approach mainly relies on SSA for feature extraction on the spectral dimension, it actually belongs to the spectral feature extraction category. Therefore, the proposed method has also been compared with some state-of-the-art spectral feature extraction techniques to show its efficacy. In addition, it has been proven that the proposed method is able to remove the undesirable artefacts introduced during the data acquisition process as well. By adding an extra spatial post-processing step to the classified map achieved using the proposed approach, we have shown that the classification performance is comparable with several recent spectral-spatial classification methods

Contributions to Ensemble Classifiers with Image Analysis Applications

134 p.Ésta tesis tiene dos aspectos fundamentales, por un lado, la propuesta denuevas arquitecturas de clasificadores y, por otro, su aplicación a el análisis deimagen.Desde el punto de vista de proponer nuevas arquitecturas de clasificaciónla tesis tiene dos contribucciones principales. En primer lugar la propuestade un innovador ensemble de clasificadores basado en arquitecturas aleatorias,como pueden ser las Extreme Learning Machines (ELM), Random Forest (RF) yRotation Forest, llamado Hybrid Extreme Rotation Forest (HERF) y su mejoraAnticipative HERF (AHERF) que conlleva una selección del modelo basada enel rendimiento de predicción para cada conjunto de datos específico. Ademásde lo anterior, proveemos una prueba formal tanto del AHERF, como de laconvergencia de los ensembles de regresores ELMs que mejoran la usabilidad yreproducibilidad de los resultados.En la vertiente de aplicación hemos estado trabajando con dos tipos de imágenes:imágenes hiperespectrales de remote sensing, e imágenes médicas tanto depatologías específicas de venas de sangre como de imágenes para el diagnósticode Alzheimer. En todos los casos los ensembles de clasificadores han sido la herramientacomún además de estrategias especificas de aprendizaje activo basadasen dichos ensembles de clasificadores. En el caso concreto de la segmentaciónde vasos sanguíneos nos hemos enfrentado con problemas, uno relacionado conlos trombos del Aneurismas de Aorta Abdominal en imágenes 3D de tomografíacomputerizada y el otro la segmentación de venas sangineas en la retina. Losresultados en ambos casos en términos de rendimiento en clasificación y ahorrode tiempo en la segmentación humana nos permiten recomendar esos enfoquespara la práctica clínica.Chapter 1Background y contribuccionesDado el espacio limitado para realizar el resumen de la tesis hemos decididoincluir un resumen general con los puntos más importantes, una pequeña introducciónque pudiera servir como background para entender los conceptos básicosde cada uno de los temas que hemos tocado y un listado con las contribuccionesmás importantes.1.1 Ensembles de clasificadoresLa idea de los ensembles de clasificadores fue propuesta por Hansen y Salamon[4] en el contexto del aprendizaje de las redes neuronales artificiales. Sutrabajo mostró que un ensemble de redes neuronales con un esquema de consensogrupal podía mejorar el resultado obtenido con una única red neuronal.Los ensembles de clasificadores buscan obtener unos resultados de clasificaciónmejores combinando clasificadores débiles y diversos [8, 9]. La propuesta inicialde ensemble contenía una colección homogena de clasificadores individuales. ElRandom Forest es un claro ejemplo de ello, puesto que combina la salida de unacolección de árboles de decisión realizando una votación por mayoría [2, 3], yse construye utilizando una técnica de remuestreo sobre el conjunto de datos ycon selección aleatoria de variables.2CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND Y CONTRIBUCCIONES 31.2 Aprendizaje activoLa construcción de un clasificador supervisado consiste en el aprendizaje de unaasignación de funciones de datos en un conjunto de clases dado un conjunto deentrenamiento etiquetado. En muchas situaciones de la vida real la obtenciónde las etiquetas del conjunto de entrenamiento es costosa, lenta y propensa aerrores. Esto hace que la construcción del conjunto de entrenamiento sea unatarea engorrosa y requiera un análisis manual exaustivo de la imagen. Esto se realizanormalmente mediante una inspección visual de las imágenes y realizandoun etiquetado píxel a píxel. En consecuencia el conjunto de entrenamiento esaltamente redundante y hace que la fase de entrenamiento del modelo sea muylenta. Además los píxeles ruidosos pueden interferir en las estadísticas de cadaclase lo que puede dar lugar a errores de clasificación y/o overfitting. Por tantoes deseable que un conjunto de entrenamiento sea construido de una manera inteligente,lo que significa que debe representar correctamente los límites de clasemediante el muestreo de píxeles discriminantes. La generalización es la habilidadde etiquetar correctamente datos que no se han visto previamente y quepor tanto son nuevos para el modelo. El aprendizaje activo intenta aprovecharla interacción con un usuario para proporcionar las etiquetas de las muestrasdel conjunto de entrenamiento con el objetivo de obtener la clasificación másprecisa utilizando el conjunto de entrenamiento más pequeño posible.1.3 AlzheimerLa enfermedad de Alzheimer es una de las causas más importantes de discapacidaden personas mayores. Dado el envejecimiento poblacional que es una realidaden muchos países, con el aumento de la esperanza de vida y con el aumentodel número de personas mayores, el número de pacientes con demencia aumentarátambién. Debido a la importancia socioeconómica de la enfermedad enlos países occidentales existe un fuerte esfuerzo internacional focalizado en laenfermedad del Alzheimer. En las etapas tempranas de la enfermedad la atrofiacerebral suele ser sutil y está espacialmente distribuida por diferentes regionescerebrales que incluyen la corteza entorrinal, el hipocampo, las estructuras temporaleslateral e inferior, así como el cíngulo anterior y posterior. Son muchoslos esfuerzos de diseño de algoritmos computacionales tratando de encontrarbiomarcadores de imagen que puedan ser utilizados para el diagnóstico no invasivodel Alzheimer y otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas.CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND Y CONTRIBUCCIONES 41.4 Segmentación de vasos sanguíneosLa segmentación de los vasos sanguíneos [1, 7, 6] es una de las herramientas computacionalesesenciales para la evaluación clínica de las enfermedades vasculares.Consiste en particionar un angiograma en dos regiones que no se superponen:la región vasculares y el fondo. Basándonos en los resultados de dicha particiónse pueden extraer, modelar, manipular, medir y visualizar las superficies vasculares.Éstas estructuras son muy útiles y juegan un rol muy imporntate en lostratamientos endovasculares de las enfermedades vasculares. Las enfermedadesvasculares son una de las principales fuentes de morbilidad y mortalidad en todoel mundo.Aneurisma de Aorta Abdominal El Aneurisma de Aorta Abdominal (AAA)es una dilatación local de la Aorta que ocurre entre las arterias renal e ilíaca. Eldebilitamiento de la pared de la aorta conduce a su deformación y la generaciónde un trombo. Generalmente, un AAA se diagnostica cuando el diámetro anterioposteriormínimo de la aorta alcanza los 3 centímetros [5]. La mayoría delos aneurismas aórticos son asintomáticos y sin complicaciones. Los aneurismasque causan los síntomas tienen un mayor riesgo de ruptura. El dolor abdominalo el dolor de espalda son las dos principales características clínicas que sugiereno bien la reciente expansión o fugas. Las complicaciones son a menudo cuestiónde vida o muerte y pueden ocurrir en un corto espacio de tiempo. Por lo tanto,el reto consiste en diagnosticar lo antes posible la aparición de los síntomas.Imágenes de Retina La evaluación de imágenes del fondo del ojo es una herramientade diagnóstico de la patología vascular y no vascular. Dicha inspecciónpuede revelar hipertensión, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, enfermedades cardiovascularese ictus. Los principales retos para la segmentación de vasos retinianos son:(1) la presencia de lesiones que se pueden interpretar de forma errónea comovasos sanguíneos; (2) bajo contraste alrededor de los vasos más delgados, (3)múltiples escalas de tamaño de los vasos.1.5 ContribucionesÉsta tesis tiene dos tipos de contribuciones. Contribuciones computacionales ycontribuciones orientadas a una aplicación o prácticas.CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND Y CONTRIBUCCIONES 5Desde un punto de vista computacional las contribuciones han sido las siguientes:¿ Un nuevo esquema de aprendizaje activo usando Random Forest y el cálculode la incertidumbre que permite una segmentación de imágenes rápida,precisa e interactiva.¿ Hybrid Extreme Rotation Forest.¿ Adaptative Hybrid Extreme Rotation Forest.¿ Métodos de aprendizaje semisupervisados espectrales-espaciales.¿ Unmixing no lineal y reconstrucción utilizando ensembles de regresoresELM.Desde un punto de vista práctico:¿ Imágenes médicas¿ Aprendizaje activo combinado con HERF para la segmentación deimágenes de tomografía computerizada.¿ Mejorar el aprendizaje activo para segmentación de imágenes de tomografíacomputerizada con información de dominio.¿ Aprendizaje activo con el clasificador bootstrapped dendritic aplicadoa segmentación de imágenes médicas.¿ Meta-ensembles de clasificadores para detección de Alzheimer conimágenes de resonancia magnética.¿ Random Forest combinado con aprendizaje activo para segmentaciónde imágenes de retina.¿ Segmentación automática de grasa subcutanea y visceral utilizandoresonancia magnética.¿ Imágenes hiperespectrales¿ Unmixing no lineal y reconstrucción utilizando ensembles de regresoresELM.¿ Métodos de aprendizaje semisupervisados espectrales-espaciales concorrección espacial usando AHERF.¿ Método semisupervisado de clasificación utilizando ensembles de ELMsy con regularización espacial

Automatic Object-Oriented, Spectral-Spatial Feature Extraction Driven by Tobler’s First Law of Geography for Very High Resolution Aerial Imagery Classification

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in UAV Remote Sensing)Aerial image classification has become popular and has attracted extensive research efforts in recent decades. The main challenge lies in its very high spatial resolution but relatively insufficient spectral information. To this end, spatial-spectral feature extraction is a popular strategy for classification. However, parameter determination for that feature extraction is usually time-consuming and depends excessively on experience. In this paper, an automatic spatial feature extraction approach based on image raster and segmental vector data cross-analysis is proposed for the classification of very high spatial resolution (VHSR) aerial imagery. First, multi-resolution segmentation is used to generate strongly homogeneous image objects and extract corresponding vectors. Then, to automatically explore the region of a ground target, two rules, which are derived from Tobler’s First Law of Geography (TFL) and a topological relationship of vector data, are integrated to constrain the extension of a region around a central object. Third, the shape and size of the extended region are described. A final classification map is achieved through a supervised classifier using shape, size, and spectral features. Experiments on three real aerial images of VHSR (0.1 to 0.32 m) are done to evaluate effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Comparisons to state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in VHSR image classification.Peer Reviewe

Techniques for the extraction of spatial and spectral information in the supervised classification of hyperspectral imagery for land-cover applications

The objective of this PhD thesis is the development of spatialspectral information extraction techniques for supervised classification tasks, both by means of classical models and those based on deep learning, to be used in the classification of land use or land cover (LULC) multi- and hyper-spectral images obtained by remote sensing. The main goal is the efficient application of these techniques, so that they are able to obtain satisfactory classification results with a low use of computational resources and low execution time

Advanced Techniques based on Mathematical Morphology for the Analysis of Remote Sensing Images

Remote sensing optical images of very high geometrical resolution can provide a precise and detailed representation of the surveyed scene. Thus, the spatial information contained in these images is fundamental for any application requiring the analysis of the image. However, modeling the spatial information is not a trivial task. We addressed this problem by using operators defined in the mathematical morphology framework in order to extract spatial features from the image. In this thesis novel techniques based on mathematical morphology are presented and investigated for the analysis of remote sensing optical images addressing different applications. Attribute Profiles (APs) are proposed as a novel generalization based on attribute filters of the Morphological Profile operator. Attribute filters are connected operators which can process an image by removing flat zones according to a given criterion. They are flexible operators since they can transform an image according to many different attributes (e.g., geometrical, textural and spectral). Furthermore, Extended Attribute Profiles (EAPs), a generalization of APs, are presented for the analysis of hyperspectral images. The EAPs are employed for including spatial features in the thematic classification of hyperspectral images. Two techniques dealing with EAPs and dimensionality reduction transformations are proposed and applied in image classification. In greater detail, one of the techniques is based on Independent Component Analysis and the other one deals with feature extraction techniques. Moreover, a technique based on APs for extracting features for the detection of buildings in a scene is investigated. Approaches that process an image by considering both bright and dark components of a scene are investigated. In particular, the effect of applying attribute filters in an alternating sequential setting is investigated. Furthermore, the concept of Self-Dual Attribute Profile (SDAP) is introduced. SDAPs are APs built on an inclusion tree instead of a min- and max-tree, providing an operator that performs a multilevel filtering of both the bright and dark components of an image. Techniques developed for applications different from image classification are also considered. In greater detail, a general approach for image simplification based on attribute filters is proposed. Finally, two change detection techniques are developed. The experimental analysis performed with the novel techniques developed in this thesis demonstrates an improvement in terms of accuracies in different fields of application when compared to other state of the art methods