The Carbon Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Indonesia

The carbon conservation program in mangrove ecosystem shows the carbon sequestration and sinker which gives a positive impact for mangrove sustainability. The carbon conservation of mangrove ecosystem supports the growth of mangrove vegetation based on the carbon percent of mangrove stage consisting of mangrove seedling, sapling and mangrove trees. This paper aimed to analyze carbon percentage of mangrove ecosystem which is SNI 06 – 3730 – 1995 and TAPPI T 211 om 85 methods and to analysis mangrove clustering based on carbon percentage. The results showed that (1) Avicennia spp, Sonneratia spp, Bruguiera spp, Rhizophora spp, Aegiceras spp, Lumnitzera spp, Ceriop spp, Exoecaria agallocha and Xylocarpus granatum had carbon percentage between 45.01% - 55.54%; (2) the carbon percentage of the mangrove growth were seedling (16.3-21.2%), sapling (19.0 – 28.1%), trees with diameter 10 – 20 (38.1 – 46.3%), trees with diameter 20 – 30 cm (40.2 – 51.1 %) and trees with diameter 30 – 40 cm (49,1 – 55,2 %). The carbon conservation has a positive correlation with the ability of carbon sequestration and mangrove growth. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to UNSOED grant that supported this research

Soil and Carbon Conservation for Climate Change Mitigation and Enhancing Sustainability of Agricultural Development

Agricultural sector is a sector which is vulnerable to climate change and a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, besides the need for adaptation, agriculture has a potential to mitigate the climate change. This paper discusses the adaptation and mitigation of agriculture to the changing climate through soil and carbon conservation. Various soil conservation technological innovations on mineral soils potentially increase carbon stocks and subsequently improve soil physical and chemical properties and activities of living soil organisms. Conservation of peat soil basically reduces the rate of decomposition of organic matter or GHG emissions and also prolongs the lifespan of the peat. Soil and carbon conservation aimed to answer a variety of local issues such as sustainable agriculture and global issues such as reduction of GHG emissions from agricultural land. Rehabilitation of degraded peat shrub and peat grassland to agricultural land potentially provides significant carbon conservation and economic benefits. Evaluation of land status, land suitability, technology readiness, financial and institutional supports are the prerequisites needed to rehabilitate the abandoned land into productive and higher carbon storage lands

Climate, carbon, conservation and communities

The growing market for carbon offers great opportunities for linking greenhouse gas mitigation with conservation of forests and biodiversity, and the generation of local livelihoods. For these combined objectives to be achieved, strong governance is needed along with institutions that ensure poor people win, rather than lose out, from the new challenges posed by climate change. This briefing paper explores the opportunities from and limitations to carbon-based funds for conservation and development. It highlights mechanisms that may help secure benefits for climate, conservation and..

Environmentally-sound adaptable tillage – Solutions from Hungary

In the last centuries, the need for tillage was to provide suitable soil conditions for plant growth (crop-focusing tillage). During the last decades, traditional goals of soil tillage have really been improved considering environmental consequences (environment-focusing tillage). In the next decade a new task is stressed, that is mitigating the climate induced losses (climate-focusing tillage). New challenges for the future are prevention of tillage-induced soil quality deterioration, and to reduce climate induced damages by the use of environmentally-sound adaptable tillage. In the adaptable tillage program ten important steps are suggested, namely: (1) Risk assessment in the fields. (2) Prevention of tillage induced defects affecting climate stresses. (3) Maintaining an optimal soil physical and biological state and fertility. (4) Use soil structure conservation methods in any seasons. (5) Mulch the surface at least in summer. (6) Improve soil loading capacity connected with carbon conservation. (7) Utilize stubble residues rationally. (8) Maintain an optimal water management in soils by the soil state improving. (9) Create small water-loss surface at tillage operations. (10) Improve a harmony between soil disturbance and environmental requirements

The first-order effect of Holocene Northern Peatlands on global carbon cycle dynamics

Given the fact that the estimated present-day carbon storage of Northern Peatlands (NP) is about 300–500 petagram (PgC, 1 petagram = 1015 gram), and the NP has been subject to a slow but persistent growth over the Holocene epoch, it is desirable to include the NP in studies of Holocene carbon cycle dynamics. Here we use an Earth system Model of Intermediate Complexity to study the first-order effect of NP on global carbon cycle dynamics in the Holocene. We prescribe the reconstructed NP growth based on data obtained from numerous sites (located in Western Siberia, North America, and Finland) where peat accumulation records have been developed. Using an inverse method, we demonstrate that the long-term debates over potential source and/or sink of terrestrial ecosystem in the Holocene are clarified by using an inverse method, and our results suggest that the primary carbon source for the changes (sinks) of atmospheric and terrestrial carbon is the ocean, presumably, due to the deep ocean sedimentation pump (the so-called alkalinity pump). Our paper here complements ref. 1 by sensitivity tests using modified boundary conditions

Forest Management and Climate Change Mitigation: A Review on Carbon Cycle Flow Models for the Sustainability of Resources

With climate change being a certainty, which today is probably the biggest challenge humanity is facing, and also accepting that greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause accelerating climate change, there is an urgent need to find solutions that lead to the mitigation of the already intense, and in some cases, even violent, effects. Forests can most easily work as carbon sinks. However,itisconvenienttoanalyzetheresidencetimeofthiscarboninforests,asthisresidencetime will depend on the type of forest management used. This paper aims to analyze forest management models from a perspective of carbon residence time in forests, dividing the models into three types: carbon conservation, carbon storage, and carbon substitution. Carbon conservation models are those models in which the amounts of carbon stored only replace the carbon released, mainly by the industrial use of raw materials. Carbon storage models are models that foster the growth of forest areas to ensure that the amount of carbon stored grows, and where the ratio clearly leans towards sequestrationandstorage. Carbonsubstitutionmodelsaremodelsthatmovetowardsthesubstitution of fossil carbon by renewable carbon, thus contributing to the creation of a neutral flo

Implementation of national and international REDD mechanism under alternative payments for environemtal services: theory and illustration from Sumatra

This paper develops an analytical model of a REDD+ mechanism with an international payment tier and a national payment tier, and calibrate land users' opportunity cost curves based on data from Sumatra. We compare the avoided deforestation and cost-eciency of government purchases across the two types of contracts fixed price and opportunity cost, and across two government types "benevolent" and "budget maximizing". Our paper shows that a fixed-price scheme is likely to be more efficient than an opportunity-cost compensation scheme at low international carbon prices, when the government is "benevolent" or when variation in opportunity cost within land users is high relative to variation in opportunity cost across land users. Thus, a PES program which pays local communities or land users based on the value of the service provided by avoided deforestation may not only distribute REDD revenue more equitably than an opportunity cost-based payment system, but may be more cost-efficient as well.

Making ‘Mangroves Together’: Carbon, conservation and co-management in Gazi Bay, Kenya

Market-based strategies are increasingly being framed by highlevel stakeholders as ideal means of responding to environmental problems on various scales. As a result, concepts and mechanisms that link markets to local conservation initiatives such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) schemes, carbon trading and other forms of offsetting, and conservation finance instruments and mechanisms like biodiversity derivatives, water futures, and wetland and species banking have both proliferated and diversified in the past two decades. Market-based conservation is a key component of international initiatives that aim to promote capitalization of pro-environment goods and services and stimulate ‘green’ or pro-environment economic growth. This paper contributes to a growing body of research in political ecology that seeks to enhance our understanding of variegated dynamics and processes around the ‘neoliberalisation of nature’ by exploring empirical dimensions of marketization processes on the ground. We bring together tools and insights from social anthropology, human geography, and science studies (STS) to explore changing property rights, modes of governance and the reconfiguration of control and rights to benefit from natural resources in the context of a unique ‘blue forest’ mangrove conservation project called Mikoko Pamoja based at Gazi Bay in southern coastal Kenya. Mikoko Pamoja is promoted as a ‘community-led’ mangrove conservation project aiming to conserve and enhance local ecosystems and deliver livelihood benefits to local populations whilst mitigating global carbon emissions through the sale of project-based carbon credits on the voluntary carbon market (VCM). Specifically we ask how changing governance relationships, including community co-management of mangrove forests facilitated through Kenya’s Forest Policy reforms, institute marketized environmental management through novel stakeholder alliances and the application of techniques of valuing, trading and consuming nature. Our findings demonstrate the central significance of the ‘community-based’ participatory forest co-management model to the project’s access to mangrove forests for scientific activities and technical assessment, to the project’s mobilisation of informal social institutions for mangrove management and to project branding and marketing of carbon credits. While we conclude that Mikoko Pamoja represents a unique example in the field of VCM projects in which the national and sub-national policy landscape, local governance institutions, and international partner priorities have aligned, our findings also highlight how this particular project’s successes can mask a number of persistent challenges associated with formal comanagement arrangements and issues of equity in marketized conservation more broadly.ESR

A talajminőség javítás és fenntartás talajhasználati alapjai = Land use bases for soil quality improvement and maintenance

A talajminőség javítás és fenntartás talajhasználati alapjait talajminőség-klíma kísérletben, tarló-klíma kísérletben, továbbá eltérő termőhelyeken, monitorozással tanulmányoztuk. Összefüggést állapítottunk meg a talajminőség romlás és a káros klímahatás mértéke között. A gyökérzóna művelési hiba által korlátozott lazultságát, a vízforgalmat gátló tömör réteg felszín közeli elhelyezkedését, a tömör réteg kiterjedését, a talajszerkezet romlását, a felszínvédelem hiányát minőség rontó tényezőnek értékeltük. Kidolgoztuk a talajminőség kímélés művelési fogásait. A talajminőség javulás alapvető talajhasználati tényezői közé tartozik a lazult réteg optimális mélysége, a morzsakímélés, pozitív nedvesség mérleg fenntartása, a felszíntakarás a kritikus időszakban, a szénkímélés, az aktív földigiliszta tevékenység, a jó tápanyag ellátottság és az egészséges növényi termék előállítását garantáló védelem. Új kihívás a víz- és szénkímélés, feltétele a kímélő művelés, a szervesanyag reciklikáció, a hő-stressz enyhítés, és a felszín védelem. Összefüggést találtunk a talajminőség védelem és a klímakár szintje között. Bizonyítottuk a kímélő talajhasználat komplex hatását a talaj- és a környezet minőség javulásában és a klímakár enyhítésében. A kutatás keretében új fogalmakat alkottunk: hő-stressz, csapadék stressz, klíma stressz, klíma kockázat, klímakár, klímakár csökkentő talajművelés, víz-és szénvesztő művelés, víz- és szénkímélő művelés. | Land use bases of the soil quality improvement and maintenance were studied in soil quality-climate and stubble-climate trials, and in different arable sites. Close correlation was stated between soil quality deterioration and the level of climate damage. The quality deterioration factors were: looseness of root zone limiting by tillage defect, occurrence of water transport limiting compacted layer, extension of compacted layer, soil structure deterioration and clean surface. Factors affecting soil quality improvement were elaborated that are optimal depth of the loosen layer, aggregate and carbon conservation, maintaining a positive water balance, surface cover during critical periods, good activity of the earthworms, optimal nutrient supply and crop protection guaranteeing a health food production. New challenge is the water and carbon conservation, basing on aggregate conservation tillage, organic matter recycling, heat-stress alleviation and surface mulching. Close correlation was found between level of soil quality conservation and climate damage. Complex effect of the conservation land use on soil and environment quality and climate damage mitigation were also proved. New terms were created due to research, as follows: heat-stress, rain stress, climate stress, climate risk, climate damage, climate damage mitigation tillage, water and carbon loss tillage, water and carbon conservation tillage