U.S. banking deregulation and self-employment: a differential impact on those in need

Starting in 1978, the U.S. banking sector was gradually deregulated in terms of restrictions on geographical expansion. This paper examines the impact of intrastate branching deregulation on (state-specific) self-employment income growth rate. If postreform changes in the banking structure led to improved lending to previously underserved (potential) businessmen, their self-employment income would accelerate, as banks are the prime source of finance for self-employment. Based on a simple model adopted from Evans and Jovanovic (1989), it is hypothesized that banking deregulation would particularly impact self-employment of discriminated against social groups. Consistent with the hypothesis, cross-state evidence suggests that the growth rate of self-employment income increased after reform, with the effect being more pronounced for women and non-white minorities at the low end of income distribution. Based on the obtained results, this paper suggests that more competitive banking environment after branching reform has mitigated prejudicial discrimination in lending. The analysis casts light on real effects of banking deregulation, on the effect of onsolidation in the banking sector on individuals targeted by the Equal Credit Opportunity (ECOA) and the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), and on a function of competition in reducing discrimination.Bank supervision ; Banks and banking

Is the Convergence of the Racial Wage Gap Illusory?

I demonstrate that the literature on the racial wage gap has systematically overstated the gains made by African American men by ignoring their withdrawal from the labor force. Three sources of selection-bias are identified: imposing sample selection criteria based on labor supply, trimming wages on the basis of real-dollar cutoffs, and making inferences based on Current Population Survey (CPS) data whose truncated sampling design excludes the growing incarcerated population. To recover the counterfactual distribution of skill-prices for non-workers, I implement a quasi-bounds estimator that does not require the use of arbitrary exclusion restrictions for identification and find that: (1) Corrected estimates of the racial wage gap indicate a substantial role for the efficacy of the Civil Rights Act and related initiatives in affecting convergence in segregated states; ignoring selection causes estimates of convergence in the South as well as the within-cohort component of this change to be understated. (2) In contrast to the sharp convergence observed in standard wage series from 1970-90, selectivity corrected estimates indicate complete stagnation over this period with a divergence of 3.5 to 6 percentage points between 1980 and 1990. Almost half of this divergence is missed through the exclusion of the incarcerated population. The selective withdrawal hypothesis can explain 85 percent of the observed convergence between 1970 and 1990 and 40 percent of the 1960-90 convergence. (3) The disproportionate presence of highly skilled blacks in the armed forces (who are also excluded from CPS analysis) causes estimates of the racial gap to be overstated by 1 to 2 percentage points. (4) The relative increase in non-participation is a supply-side effect driven more by a massive increase in reservation wages for blacks at the bottom of the skill distribution, than by falling offer wages. (5) The significant gains made by black men during the 1960s and 1970s occured almost exclusively in the bottom offer wage decile, where significant numbers of black men were pushed out of the lowest white wage decile into higher quintiles. These gains constitute the primary location of black economic progress in the latter half of the 20th century.

Doubleâ blind, randomized phase 3 trial of lowâ dose 13â cis retinoic acid in the prevention of second primaries in head and neck cancer: Longâ term followâ up of a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Groupâ ACRIN Cancer Research Group (C0590)

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139904/1/cncr30920.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139904/2/cncr30920_am.pd

Relationship between cervical spine and skeletal class II in subjects with and without temporomandibular disorders

AIM. To assess changes of cranio-cervical structure and of hyoid bone position in skeletal Class II subjects with and without Temporomandibular disorders (TMD). MATERIAL AND METHODS. The cephalometric analysis of 59 subjects with skeletal Class II were evaluated and compared. The measurements considerated were: ANB as parameter of Class II and C0-C1 distance, C1-C2 distance, cranio-cervical angle and hyoid bone position for the cervical spine analysis. Patients were divided into two subgroups: patients with TMD (group A) and patients without TMD (group B). TMD were evaluated with the Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD). Descriptive statistics and Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis, with p-value <0,005, were performed. RESULTS. C0-C1 and C1-C2 distance values and hyoid bone position resulted within normal range in the majority of patients examined. Cranio-cervical angle was alterated in 33 patients. The reduction of this angle with the increase of the ANB value resulted statistically significant in the group A, according to Pearson correlation index. No other data was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS. Significant relationship between skeletal Class II and cervical spine cannot be highlighted. The alteration of cranio-cervical angle seems to be mildly present, with backward counterclockwise rotation of the head upon the neck in the sample (group A and B). The presence of TMDs as key factor in changes of neck posture could explain the different result between the two groups about relationship between ANB and cranio-cervical angle. This result should be further analyzed in order to better understand if cervical spine changes could be related to mandibular postural ones in the cranio-cervical space or to temporomandibular joints retropositioning, more recognizable in Class II with TMD, which could determine functional changes in other structures of this unit; neck posture also could be the result of a compensatory/ antalgic mechanism in response to TM

Beyond Dualism: Multi-Segmented Labor Markets in Ghana

Using estimates of earnings functions in Ghana, this paper examines patterns of labor market segmentation with regard to formal and informal employment. Persistent earnings differentials are used as indicators of limited mobility across segments of the employed labor force. We find evidence of labor market segmentation between formal and informal employment and between different categories of informal employment which cannot be fully explained by human capital, physical asset, or credit market variables. We argue that dualist labor market models may not be appropriate for understanding employment dynamics in all circumstances and an approach that recognizes the multi-segmented character of labor markets may be preferable.dualism, labor markets, employment, segmentation, Ghana

Spartan Daily, November 13, 1995

Volume 105, Issue 52https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/spartandaily/8767/thumbnail.jp

Periodontitis in early and chronic rheumatoid arthritis : a prospective follow-up study in Finnish population

Objectives To investigate the association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis with special emphasis on the role of antirheumatic drugs in periodontal health. Design Prospective follow-up study. Patients with early untreated RA and chronic active RA were examined at baseline and 16months later. Controls were examined once. Settings and participants The study was conducted in Finland from September 2005 to May 2014 at the Helsinki University Hospital. Overall, 124 participants were recruited for dental and medical examinations: 53 were patients with early disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) na1ve RA (ERA), 28 were patients with chronic RA (CRA) with insufficient response to conventional DMARDs. After baseline examination, patients with ERA started treatment with synthetic DMARDs and patients with CRA with biological DMARDs. Controls were 43 age-matched, gender-matched and community-matched participants. Outcome measures Degree of periodontitis (defined according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology). Prevalence of periodontal bacteria (analysed from plaque samples), clinical rheumatological status by Disease Activity Score, 28-joint count (DAS28), function by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and treatment response by European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) criteria. Results Moderate periodontitis was present in 67.3% of patients with ERA, 64.3% of patients with CRA and 39.5% of control participants (p=0.001). Further, patients with RA had significantly more periodontal findings compared with controls, recorded with common periodontal indexes. In the re-examination, patients with RA still showed poor periodontal health in spite of treatment with DMARDs after baseline examination. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was higher in patients with ERA with periodontal probing depth 4mm compared with patients with CRA and controls. Antirheumatic medication did not seem to affect the results. Conclusions Moderate periodontitis was more frequent in patients with RA than in controls. Patients with ERA and CRA exhibited poorer periodontal health parameters when compared with controls. There was no association between antirheumatic treatment and periodontal parameters.Peer reviewe

Estimating the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in South Africa in 2000

Objectives. \ud \ud To quantify the burden of disease attributable to physical inactivity in persons 15 years or older, by age group and sex, in South Africa for 2000. \ud \ud Design. \ud \ud The global comparative risk assessment (CRA) methodology of the World Health Organization was followed to estimate the disease burden attributable to physical inactivity. Levels of physical activity for South Africa were obtained from the World Health Survey 2003. A theoretical minimum risk exposure of zero, associated outcomes, relative risks, and revised burden of disease estimates were used to calculate population-attributable fractions and the burden attributed to physical inactivity. Monte Carlo simulation-modelling techniques were used for the uncertainty analysis. \ud \ud Setting. \ud \ud South Africa. \ud \ud Subjects. \ud \ud Adults ≥ 15 years. \ud \ud Outcome measures.\ud \ud Deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from ischaemic heart disease, ischaemic stroke, breast cancer, colon cancer, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. \ud \ud Results. \ud \ud Overall in adults ≥ 15 years in 2000, 30% of ischaemic heart disease, 27% of colon cancer, 22% of ischaemic stroke, 20% of type 2 diabetes, and 17% of breast cancer were attributable to physical inactivity. Physical inactivity was estimated to have caused 17 037 (95% uncertainty interval 11 394 - 20 407), or 3.3% (95% uncertainty interval 2.2 - 3.9%) of all deaths in 2000, and 176 252 (95% uncertainty interval 133 733 - 203 628) DALYs, or 1.1% (95% uncertainty interval 0.8 - 1.3%) of all DALYs in 2000. \ud \ud Conclusions. \ud \ud Compared with other regions and the global average, South African adults have a particularly high prevalence of physical inactivity. In terms of attributable deaths, physical inactivity ranked 9th compared with other risk factors, and 12th in terms of DALYs. There is a clear need to assess why South Africans are particularly inactive, and to ensure that physical activity/inactivity is addressed as a national health priority