Design and Analysis of High Speed Multiply and Accumulation Unit for Digital Signal Processing Applications

Unit for Digital Signal Processing Applications   Kausar Jahan1, Pala Kalyani2, V Satya Sai3, GRK Prasad4, Syed Inthiyaz5, Sk Hasane Ahammad6 1Department of ECE, Dadi Institute of Engineering and Technology Anakapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Department of ECE, Vardhaman College of Engineering Kacharam, Shamshabad, India 3Department of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur, India-522502 4Department of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur, India-522502 5Department of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur, India-522502 6Department of ECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur, India-522502   Abstract—The fundamental component used in many of the Digital signal Processing (DSP) applications are Multiply and Accumulation Unit (MAC). In the literature, a multiplier consists of greater number of full adders and half adder in partial product reduction stage, which increases the hardware complexity and critical path delay to MAC unit. To overcome this problem, two novel multipliers are proposed in this article. The proposed multipliers are designed and implemented in hardware, which reduces the circuit complexity and improves the overall performance of the MAC unit with less delay. The proposed multipliers are compared with the 4-bit existing designs and observed that the number of slices Look Up Tables (LUTs) are minimized from 113 to 43, Slices are reduced from 46 to 14, Full Adders (FAs) are lessened from 28 to 23, bonded Input Output Blocks (IOBs) and Half Adders (HAs) were not altered. The time delay is reduced from 14.251ns to 7.876ns. The proposed multipliers are compared in the literature with the 8-bit multiplier, then the number of Slice LUTs are reduced from 510 to 231, Slices are reduced from 218 to 113, FAs are reduced from 120 to 110, HAs are reduced from 56 to 39, time delay is reduced from 26.228ns to12.748ns, but bonded IOBs count remains same. The synthesis and simulations results are verified by using Xilinx ISE 14.7 version tool

Energy efficient hardware acceleration of multimedia processing tools

The world of mobile devices is experiencing an ongoing trend of feature enhancement and generalpurpose multimedia platform convergence. This trend poses many grand challenges, the most pressing being their limited battery life as a consequence of delivering computationally demanding features. The envisaged mobile application features can be considered to be accelerated by a set of underpinning hardware blocks Based on the survey that this thesis presents on modem video compression standards and their associated enabling technologies, it is concluded that tight energy and throughput constraints can still be effectively tackled at algorithmic level in order to design re-usable optimised hardware acceleration cores. To prove these conclusions, the work m this thesis is focused on two of the basic enabling technologies that support mobile video applications, namely the Shape Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform (SA-DCT) and its inverse, the SA-IDCT. The hardware architectures presented in this work have been designed with energy efficiency in mind. This goal is achieved by employing high level techniques such as redundant computation elimination, parallelism and low switching computation structures. Both architectures compare favourably against the relevant pnor art in the literature. The SA-DCT/IDCT technologies are instances of a more general computation - namely, both are Constant Matrix Multiplication (CMM) operations. Thus, this thesis also proposes an algorithm for the efficient hardware design of any general CMM-based enabling technology. The proposed algorithm leverages the effective solution search capability of genetic programming. A bonus feature of the proposed modelling approach is that it is further amenable to hardware acceleration. Another bonus feature is an early exit mechanism that achieves large search space reductions .Results show an improvement on state of the art algorithms with future potential for even greater savings

Development and application of an ion mobility spectometer - quadrupole mass spectometer instrument

The aim of the project described in this thesis was to develop a system in house that would be capable of providing a technique to enhance the reliability of detection of threat agents such as compounds used for chemical warfare and explosives. This was to be done by using a combination of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) in tandem with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS). When meeting these requirements, the latest electronics and software were incorporated in the instrumentation to maximise sensitivity and flexibility. By attaching a QMS to an IMS, an extra dimension in specificity is gained whereby a more positive identification of a compound is made based on m/z values, thereby providing further information on the ion-molecule processes taking place in the IMS. Flexibility in operation was achieved by using the graphical programming language LabVIEW for the software aspects, allowing program development and modification to be made more quickly than would be the case than if a procedural language such as C++ had been used. A special ‘pulse to analogue’ converter developed during the project provided increased sensitivity and resolution over earlier systems in regard to obtaining selected mass mobility spectra. Proof-of-principle measurements are provided that demonstrate the capabilities of the newly developed IMS-QMS system in both positive and negative ion modes of operation, with some results obtained that are consistent with those from previous investigations. Data obtained for various chemicals not previously investigated are also provided

Energy efficient enabling technologies for semantic video processing on mobile devices

Semantic object-based processing will play an increasingly important role in future multimedia systems due to the ubiquity of digital multimedia capture/playback technologies and increasing storage capacity. Although the object based paradigm has many undeniable benefits, numerous technical challenges remain before the applications becomes pervasive, particularly on computational constrained mobile devices. A fundamental issue is the ill-posed problem of semantic object segmentation. Furthermore, on battery powered mobile computing devices, the additional algorithmic complexity of semantic object based processing compared to conventional video processing is highly undesirable both from a real-time operation and battery life perspective. This thesis attempts to tackle these issues by firstly constraining the solution space and focusing on the human face as a primary semantic concept of use to users of mobile devices. A novel face detection algorithm is proposed, which from the outset was designed to be amenable to be offloaded from the host microprocessor to dedicated hardware, thereby providing real-time performance and reducing power consumption. The algorithm uses an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), whose topology and weights are evolved via a genetic algorithm (GA). The computational burden of the ANN evaluation is offloaded to a dedicated hardware accelerator, which is capable of processing any evolved network topology. Efficient arithmetic circuitry, which leverages modified Booth recoding, column compressors and carry save adders, is adopted throughout the design. To tackle the increased computational costs associated with object tracking or object based shape encoding, a novel energy efficient binary motion estimation architecture is proposed. Energy is reduced in the proposed motion estimation architecture by minimising the redundant operations inherent in the binary data. Both architectures are shown to compare favourable with the relevant prior art

HEVCのイントラ予測と画素適応オフセット推定の集積回路設計および圧縮センシングへの拡張

早大学位記番号:新7981早稲田大

The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition

This quarterly publication provides archival reports on developments in programs managed by JPL's Office of Telecommunications and Data Acquisition (TDA). In space communications, radio navigation, radio science, and ground-based radio and radar astronomy, it reports on activities of the Deep Space Network (DSN) in planning, supporting research and technology, implementation, and operations. Also included are standards activity at JPL for space data and information systems and reimbursable DSN work performed for other space agencies through NASA. The preceding work is all performed for NASA's Office of Space Communications (OSC)

High sample-rate Givens rotations for recursive least squares

The design of an application-specific integrated circuit of a parallel array processor is considered for recursive least squares by QR decomposition using Givens rotations, applicable in adaptive filtering and beamforming applications. Emphasis is on high sample-rate operation, which, for this recursive algorithm, means that the time to perform arithmetic operations is critical. The algorithm, architecture and arithmetic are considered in a single integrated design procedure to achieve optimum results. A realisation approach using standard arithmetic operators, add, multiply and divide is adopted. The design of high-throughput operators with low delay is addressed for fixed- and floating-point number formats, and the application of redundant arithmetic considered. New redundant multiplier architectures are presented enabling reductions in area of up to 25%, whilst maintaining low delay. A technique is presented enabling the use of a conventional tree multiplier in recursive applications, allowing savings in area and delay. Two new divider architectures are presented showing benefits compared with the radix-2 modified SRT algorithm. Givens rotation algorithms are examined to determine their suitability for VLSI implementation. A novel algorithm, based on the Squared Givens Rotation (SGR) algorithm, is developed enabling the sample-rate to be increased by a factor of approximately 6 and offering area reductions up to a factor of 2 over previous approaches. An estimated sample-rate of 136 MHz could be achieved using a standard cell approach and O.35pm CMOS technology. The enhanced SGR algorithm has been compared with a CORDIC approach and shown to benefit by a factor of 3 in area and over 11 in sample-rate. When compared with a recent implementation on a parallel array of general purpose (GP) DSP chips, it is estimated that a single application specific chip could offer up to 1,500 times the computation obtained from a single OP DSP chip

Optical probing of laser-induced expansion of levitating microspheres

In the present work, the expansion dynamics of levitating microspheres following the interaction with a fs-short laser pulse in the intensity regime of 1015 −1016 W/cm2 is investigated in a pump-probe experiment. The study comprises two plasma diagnostics: an intrinsic probing along the laser axis via the pump pulse, fixed at t = 0 ps, and a time-variable lateral probing on a separate probe pulse. In both cases, the transmitted light is recorded via a scatter screen, providing a very simple diagnostic tool that can be implemented in most high-power laser experiments. In order to extract a plasma density distribution from the recorded inline holograms, the experiment is reproduced via numerical simulations using the Python package LightPipes. The simulation setup is calibrated by comparison to experimental conditions such as focus size, beam profiles and holograms of defined polystyrene spheres. Several radial symmetric models are investigated for modeling the density distribution of the plasma at different times during its evolution by comparing simulation results against recorded experimental images. The best agreement is found for a Gaussian density distribution with an additional, decentralized Gaussian component. The validity of this empirically determined model is further strengthened by simulations using the hydrodynamic code RALEF, where experimentally obtained values for the spatial and temporal intensity distribution are used as input. The temporal course of the expanding density distribution is compared to a simple model assuming hydrodynamic expansion of the plasma. The good agreement between experimental data and the model allows determining physical quantities such as laser absorption and relate them to experimental conditions of the plasma. The findings of this work are a first step towards studying the expansion of micrometer spherical targets at intensities well above the plasma generation threshold and are particularly relevant for future experiments investigating the interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with density-tailored, sub-focus sized microplasmas, e.g. in the field of laser-ion acceleration

Proceedings of the Scientific Data Compression Workshop

Continuing advances in space and Earth science requires increasing amounts of data to be gathered from spaceborne sensors. NASA expects to launch sensors during the next two decades which will be capable of producing an aggregate of 1500 Megabits per second if operated simultaneously. Such high data rates cause stresses in all aspects of end-to-end data systems. Technologies and techniques are needed to relieve such stresses. Potential solutions to the massive data rate problems are: data editing, greater transmission bandwidths, higher density and faster media, and data compression. Through four subpanels on Science Payload Operations, Multispectral Imaging, Microwave Remote Sensing and Science Data Management, recommendations were made for research in data compression and scientific data applications to space platforms

Methodology For Validating Multi-Dimensional Engine Combustion Models And Fuel Surrogates Using An Optically Accessible Compression Ignition Engine

In response to increasingly stringent engine emissions regulation, three dimensional in-cylinder combustion modeling is increasingly being used as a tool to optimize the combustion process and reduce the cost of experimental testing. Due to the complexity of the physical and chemical interactions involved in the in-cylinder combustion process, the engine combustion model consists of numerous sub-models developed under pre-defined initial and boundary conditions requiring further model calibration depending on different engine applications. Fuel surrogates, one of those sub-models developed for different combustion applications, may not capture all the behavior when applied to the varying temperature-pressure conditions present in a compression ignition engine. In this work a set of optical and global measurements are chosen to experimentally validate a fuel surrogate using an optically accessible compression ignition engine. In addition, to provide a means of directly comparing three-dimensional engine combustion CFD predictions to in- cylinder optical measurements, another aim of this work is to model light emission during the compression ignition engine combustion process. Major excited state species (CH*, CH2O*, OH*, CO2* and C2*) are modeled to study UV chemiluminescence signal observed in the in-cylinder hydrocarbon fuel oxidation process. A novel approach to validate multi-dimensional combustion CFD results is presented. The classic two-color method theory is further developed by analysis of the natural soot luminosity on a McKenna Flat Flame Burner. Spectral and Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) measurements are used to propose a value of α in the soot emissivity model