China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor and environmental protection cooperation

The China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is in line with the common interests of the three countries in economic development, and has been accelerated since its proposal. To strengthen environmental protection cooperation is one of the key cooperation areas in “Program Planning for the Construction of China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”, it accords with the direction for green “the Belt and Road” initiative development. These conditions determined the relevance and practical significance of the research. The authors justify why is it important to include Mongolia in the project "One Belt-One Road" and systematize the factors that determine the need to strengthen economic cooperation between Russia, China and Mongolia. Special attention is paid to the analysis of problems of environmental protection, improving the environmental situation in the regions of Russia, China and Mongolia, which are actively involved in the process of creating the Economic Corridor. Taking into account the identified factors, priority directions of tripartite cooperation in the sphere of environmental protection are formulated. This research provide the assessment of decisions in the sphere of state environmental policy of the three countries in terms of their accordance with the goals and priorities of the Economic Corridor and the long-term interests of each country. Also authors proposed some recommendations for improving the state environmental policy, taking into account the interests of the regions involved in the project of the Economic Corridor. In conclusion, it is noted that in the future within the framework of trilateral cooperation, the need for cooperation of the three countries in the use of water resources becomes particularly important. This issue will be the subject of further research

The Significance and Measures of Building the China—Mongolia—Russia Economic Corridor

I n September 2014, Chinese leaders introduced the initiative to build the China, Mongolia and Russia Economic Corridor during the SCO summit in Dushanbe. In March 2015, China issued The prospect and action of promoting to build the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, which officially made building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor a strategic support of the Belt and Road initiative. In July 2015, during the summit of the SCO and the BRICS in Ufa, Russia, the leaders of China, Mongolia and Russia signed the China, Mongolia and Russia tripartite cooperation medium-term road map, which marked the tripartite cooperation agreement between the countries. Less than a year had passed between the initiative of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor and signing the China, Mongolia and Russia tripartite cooperation medium-term road map. This agreement clearly shows the economic corridor is the common choice for all three countries and the strategic choice which meets their interests

Prospects of China-Mongolia-Russia trade in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic

Relevance.  China, Mongolia, and Russia are among each other’s major trade partners. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on global trade, which creates the need to analyze further prospects of the trilateral cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia.Research objective. This study aims to analyze China-Mongolia-Russia trade cooperation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Data and methods. This article applies a comparative analysis method to examine the development and changes in import and export trade between China, Mongolia, and Russia before and after the beginning of the project of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, from 2014 to 2020. The research relies on the data from the China Trade and Foreign Economy Statistical Yearbook, Northeast Asia Economic Statistics of Sea of Japan Economic Research Institute, Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China, Russian Customs, and National Bureau of Statistics of Mongolia.Results. Along with the realization of the medium and short-term goal of raising the volume of trade turnover within the Corridor, the three countries seek to play more and more important roles as each other’s trade partners. It is observed that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volume of trade has not been significant, and thus the fundamental premises of trilateral trade cooperation have remained largely unchanged.Conclusions.  To increase the volume of trade between China, Mongolia and Russia, it is necessary to improve the trade structure, reduce tariffs, establish free trade areas and actively promote the diversification of trade cooperation

A comparative study of regional strategies of Northeast Asian countries

After the global financial crisis in 2008, the US and Europe have experienced anemic economic growth, whereas Northeast Asia has become the most economically dynamic region worldwide. The region faced such challenges as rapid economic globalization and regional economic integration, in-depth adjustment of global economic and trade patterns, the Obama administration’s “Asian Pivot” strategy, and domestic economic transformations. To address these challenges, Northeast Asian countries put forward development plans and regional strategies: Japan’s “Abenomics” since 2012; China’s “Silk Road Economic Belt” and “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” since 2013; South Korea’s “Eurasian Initiative” proposed by President Park Geun-hye in 2013; Mongolia’s “Prairie Road” Plan since 2014; “Eurasian Economic Union” led by Russia since 2015; the TPP revived by Japan as CPTPP after the US withdrawal; and the “New North” policy proposed by South Korea’s newly-elected president Moon Jae-in in 2017. These projects reflect the countries’ determination to play a more active role in the bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the region. The regional strategies are shaped by each country’s specific economic conditions, geopolitical and diplomatic needs. Although these strategies are somewhat competitive in such aspects as resources and influence, they also offer more prospects for cooperation and integration of regional economies

Стратегические приоритеты сотрудничества между провинцией Хэйлунцзян и Россией

Received October 5, 2018; accepted February 13, 2019.Дата поступления 5 октября 2018 г.; дата принятия к печати 13 февраля 2019 г.During the five-year period of implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative, Heilongjiang Province, which is one of the nine Chinese border provinces, has actively responded to the national development policy and achieved some impressive results in its strategic cooperation with the Russian Far East. The article characterizes the current state of Heilongjiang Province’s relationship with Russia and describes its strategic plans for findings new paths of cooperation as a result of the province’s integration into the Belt and Road Initiative and participation in China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor construction. The key projects crucial for the province’s development are the Eastern Land-Sea Silk Road Economic Belt (hereinafter referred to as the Eastern Silk Road Belt) and the Heilongjiang Land-Sea Silk Road Economic Belt (hereinafter referred to as Longjiang Silk Road Belt). Both projects are aimed at increasing the interconnectedness between regions and countries, promoting international trade and fostering understanding and tolerance. The article describes the background, objectives, results and problems associated with these projects in Heilongjiang Province and their role in ensuring further socio-economic development of the territory. Finally, recommendations are given concerning the main areas of cooperation between the province and Russia: these include modernization of trade (e-commerce), fostering cooperation in the industrial sphere and agriculture, and opening a free cross-border trade zone.В течение пятилетнего периода реализации инициативы «Один пояс, один путь» провинция Хэйлунцзян, которая является одной из девяти приграничных провинций Китая, активно реагировала на политику национального развития и достигла некоторых значительных результатов в своем стратегическом сотрудничестве с российским Дальним Востоком. В статье дается характеристика нынешнего состояния отношений провинции Хэйлунцзян с Россией и описываются ее стратегические планы по поиску новых путей сотрудничества в рамках участия в инициативе «Один пояс, один путь». Также описано участие провинции в строительстве экономического коридора Китай-Монголия-Россия. Ключевыми проектами, имеющими значение для развития провинции, являются Экономический пояс Восточно-Шелкового пути (в дальнейшем именуемый «Восточный шелковый путь») и Экономический пояс Хайлунцзян-Шелковый путь («Лунцзянский пояс Шелкового пути»). Оба проекта направлены на улучшение связей между регионами и странами, развитие международной торговли, взаимопонимания и терпимости. В статье описываются предпосылки, цели, результаты и проблемы, связанные с этими проектами в провинции Хэйлунцзян, и их роль в обеспечении дальнейшего социально-экономического развития территории. Также в статье даны рекомендации по основным направлениям сотрудничества между провинцией Хэйлунцзян и Россией: они включают модернизацию торговли (электронная коммерция), развитие сотрудничества в промышленной сфере и сельском хозяйстве, а также открытие зоны свободной трансграничной торговли.Heilongjiang Province, the special subject of the 12th Fourth Plenary Session of “Research on the Construction of New Pattern of All-dimensional Opening up in Heilongjiang Province”, project No. 18GJH786.Провинция Хэйлунцзян, специальная тема 12-го четвертого пленарного заседания «Исследования по построению новой модели многомерного раскрытия в провинции Хэйлунцзян», проект № 18GJH786

Driving Factors and Feasibility Analysis: China–Mongolia Collaboration on Climate Change under the Belt and Road Initiative Framework

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers great opportunities for China and Mongolia to collaborate on tackling climate change. However, few studies have focused on China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change under the BRI’s sustainable development framework; in particular, studies have neglected the factors and feasibility of collaboration. Focusing on China and Mongolia, this study first discusses the evolution of legislation in China and Mongolia in the context of dealing with climate change and then explores the factors that influence China–Mongolia collaboration on climate change mitigation from the perspectives of climate environmental governance and energy development at the domestic level. Subsequently, the paper analyzes the Paris Agreement to identify international factors that can influence climate change cooperation between the two countries. Finally, based on the results of this analysis, this paper identifies geopolitical relations, the energy supply, technology and investment, and the demand for a transition to sustainable development as the main driving forces for China and Mongolia to collaborate on climate change mitigation under the BRI. Finally, the paper concludes that collaboration between the two countries is highly feasible

“ECONOMIC BELT OF THE SILK ROAD”: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR MONGOLIA

Earth is continents, seas, the developing countries, the developed countries, the centers and the borders is the One Belt-One Road initiative. On the other hand, the Sea “Silk Road” is called the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” as a way of “New Belt and Road” for China's new long-term development strategy. "Silk Road" refers to the ancient land-based commercial trade route that originated in ancient China and connected to Asia, Africa and Europe.In order to benefit from the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” initiative, China has partnered with other Asian countries and created two important financial development institutions, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund.The main objective of the initiative is to create an Eurasian trade economic integration space and cross-border transport corridors, that is, to strengthen the links between government policies and national development strategies along the route, promote international cooperation, and promote the development of joint ventures. For this purpose, the following tasks have been set: 1. Development of regional economic integration method; 2. Create an integrated transportation design for Asian transportation, connect communication networks, and develop pipeline systems; 3. Switch back to investment and trade barriers and create a good investment environment; 4.Strengthen national currency; 5.Deepening cooperation in the humanitarian field; 6.Expanding China's exports and domestic power growth will be concentrated in the western provinces (steel, lead, photovoltaic equipment, wind turbines).The “One Belt and One Road” is a new starting point for China-global relations and human development. Utilize the geographical advantages of Mongolia, China and Russia to increase cross-border trade between Mongolia, Russia and China, creating opportunities for logistics and transportation. China is one of the Mongolia's largest sources of foreign direct investment and is seen as a huge market for Mongolia to provide services and products.Mongolia hopes to unite its “Steppe Road” initiative with China’s “One Belt and One Road” initiative. The goal of the “Steppe Road” initiative aims to expand the Mongolian economy through cross-border transportation, strengthen the road line connecting Russia and China, transform and extend the current railway line in Mongolia, and build oil and gas between Russia and China. The pipeline improves the infrastructure of Mongolia. Mongolia and other Asian countries are actively participating in the “One Belt and One Road” initiative implemented in China to reduce risks and threats and gain new opportunities and advantages in regional cooperation.Earth is continents, seas, the developing countries, the developed countries, the centers and the borders is the One Belt-One Road initiative. On the other hand, the Sea “Silk Road” is called the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” as a way of “New Belt and Road” for China's new long-term development strategy. "Silk Road" refers to the ancient land-based commercial trade route that originated in ancient China and connected to Asia, Africa and Europe.In order to benefit from the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” initiative, China has partnered with other Asian countries and created two important financial development institutions, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund.The main objective of the initiative is to create an Eurasian trade economic integration space and cross-border transport corridors, that is, to strengthen the links between government policies and national development strategies along the route, promote international cooperation, and promote the development of joint ventures. For this purpose, the following tasks have been set: 1. Development of regional economic integration method; 2. Create an integrated transportation design for Asian transportation, connect communication networks, and develop pipeline systems; 3. Switch back to investment and trade barriers and create a good investment environment; 4.Strengthen national currency; 5.Deepening cooperation in the humanitarian field; 6.Expanding China's exports and domestic power growth will be concentrated in the western provinces (steel, lead, photovoltaic equipment, wind turbines).The “One Belt and One Road” is a new starting point for China-global relations and human development. Utilize the geographical advantages of Mongolia, China and Russia to increase cross-border trade between Mongolia, Russia and China, creating opportunities for logistics and transportation. China is one of the Mongolia's largest sources of foreign direct investment and is seen as a huge market for Mongolia to provide services and products.Mongolia hopes to unite its “Steppe Road” initiative with China’s “One Belt and One Road” initiative. The goal of the “Steppe Road” initiative aims to expand the Mongolian economy through cross-border transportation, strengthen the road line connecting Russia and China, transform and extend the current railway line in Mongolia, and build oil and gas between Russia and China. The pipeline improves the infrastructure of Mongolia. Mongolia and other Asian countries are actively participating in the “One Belt and One Road” initiative implemented in China to reduce risks and threats and gain new opportunities and advantages in regional cooperation

Беспрепятственная торговля и строительство экономического коридора Китай-Монголия-Россия: проблемы и перспективы

Received July 21, 2020; accepted November 10, 2020.Дата поступления 21 июля 2020 г.; дата принятия к печати 10 ноября 2020 г.Relevance. The China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor is the fastest growing of the six economic corridors within the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. At the core of the Economic Corridor project is the concept of unimpeded trade, which is seen as a way to promote economic prosperity of the countries involved in the project and the cooperation between them. Research objective. Our goal is to conduct a provide an overview of all the key aspects of the unimpeded trade concept in the concept of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative. Data and methods. The paper uses the method of abstract deduction, qualitative and quantitative analysis to evaluate the performance indicators related to unimpeded trade between China, Mongolia and Russia. It analyzes the conditions necessary for unimpeded trade under the framework of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor. Results. It is shown that the three countries need to accelerate the construction of the necessary transportation infrastructure, create the China-Mongolia-Russia free trade zone, facilitate trade by lowering non-tariff trade barriers, and attract additional investment. Conclusions. The article provides an overview of the key aspects of the unimpeded trade concept within the ‘Belt and Road’ Initiative. The main barriers to efficient trade cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia are identified and measures for overcoming them are proposed.Актуальность. Экономический коридор Китай-Монголия-Россия является самым быстрорастущим из шести экономических коридоров в рамках инициативы «Один пояс, один путь». В основе проекта экономического коридора лежит концепция беспрепятственной торговли, которая рассматривается как способ достижения экономического процветания стран, участвующих в проекте, и сотрудничества между ними. Цель исследования. Наша цель – провести обзор всех ключевых аспектов концепции беспрепятственной торговли в концепции инициативы «Один пояс, один путь». Данные и методы. В статье используется метод абстрактной дедукции, качественного и количественного анализа для оценки показателей эффективности, связанных с беспрепятственной торговлей между Китаем, Монголией и Россией. Анализируются условия, необходимые для беспрепятственной торговли в рамках экономического коридора Китай-Монголия-Россия. Результаты. Показано, что трем странам необходимо ускорить строительство необходимой транспортной инфраструктуры, создать зону свободной торговли Китай-Монголия-Россия, облегчить торговлю за счет снижения нетарифных торговых барьеров и привлечь дополнительные инвестиции. Выводы. В статье представлен обзор ключевых аспектов концепции беспрепятственной торговли в рамках инициативы «Один пояс, один путь». Выявлены основные препятствия на пути эффективного торгового сотрудничества между Китаем, Монголией и Россией и предложены меры по их преодолению

Перспективы торговли между Китаем, Монголией и Россией в свете пандемии COVID-19

Received July 14, 2021; accepted September 08, 2021.Дата поступления 14 июля 2021 г.; дата принятия к печати 8 сентября 2021 г.Relevance. China, Mongolia, and Russia are among each other’s major trade partners. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a large impact on global trade, which creates the need to analyze further prospects of the trilateral cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia. Research objective. This study aims to analyze China-Mongolia-Russia trade cooperation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data and methods. This article applies a comparative analysis method to examine the development and changes in import and export trade between China, Mongolia, and Russia before and after the beginning of the project of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, from 2014 to 2020. The research relies on the data from the China Trade and Foreign Economy Statistical Yearbook, Northeast Asia Economic Statistics of Sea of Japan Economic Research Institute, Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, Russian Customs, and National Bureau of Statistics of Mongolia. Results. Along with the realization of the medium and short-term goal of raising the volume of trade turnover within the Corridor, the three countries seek to play more and more important roles as each other’s trade partners. It is observed that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the volume of trade has not been significant, and thus the fundamental premises of trilateral trade cooperation have remained largely unchanged. Conclusions. To increase the volume of trade between China, Mongolia and Russia, it is necessary to improve the trade structure, reduce tariffs, establish free trade areas and actively promote the diversification of trade cooperation.Актуальность. Китай, Монголия и Россия являются основными торговыми партнерами друг друга. Пандемия COVID-19 оказала большое влияние на мировую торговлю, что вызывает необходимость анализа дальнейших перспектив трехстороннего сотрудничества между Китаем, Монголией и Россией. Цель исследования. Это исследование направлено на анализ торгового сотрудничества Китая, Монголии и России в контексте пандемии COVID-19. Данные и методы. В данной статье применяется метод сравнительного анализа для изучения развития и изменений в импортно-экспортной торговле между Китаем, Монголией и Россией до и после начала проекта экономического коридора Китай-Монголия-Россия с 2014 по 2020 гг. основывается на данных Статистического ежегодника Китая по торговле и внешней экономике, Экономической статистики Северо-Восточной Азии Института экономических исследований Японского моря, Министерства торговли Китайской Народной Республики, Российской таможни и Национального статистического бюро Монголии. Результаты. Наряду с реализацией среднесрочной и краткосрочной цели увеличения объема товарооборота в рамках коридора, три страны стремятся играть все более и более важные роли в качестве торговых партнеров друг друга. Отмечается, что влияние пандемии COVID-19 на объем торговли не было значительным, и, таким образом, фундаментальные предпосылки трехстороннего торгового сотрудничества остались в основном неизменными. Выводы. Для увеличения объёмов торговли Китай, Монголия и Россия должны продолжить использовать свои конкурентные преимущества для улучшения структуры торговли, снижения тарифов, создания зон свободной торговли, активного содействия диверсификации торгового сотрудничества со своими торговыми партнерами