COMPARING THE PROFITABILITY OF CASSAVA-BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN THREE WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES: COTE D'IVOIRE, GHANA AND NIGERIA

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cassava-producing countries such as Nigeria, Ghana, and Côte d'Ivoire have developed, in recent years, a renewed interest in cassava as an alternative food crop. This has led to a major expansion in cassava-based production systems in Nigeria and Ghana, whereas there has been a slower growth in Côte d'Ivoire (Nweke et al., 1998). This paper is based on the argument that the difference in various factors such as agricultural policies (i.e., trade and price policies, domestic production taxes or subsidies), location and technologies (production and processing) between Nigeria, Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire the difference in the level of growth in cassava-based production systems. The paper examines, using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), the magnitude of the impact of these factors on the private and social profitability of cassava production and post-production processing in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria. The topic has not been examined in previous studies. The paper relies primarily on data for Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria from the Collaborative Study of Cassava in Africa (COSCA) survey. The baseline results demonstrate the similarity in efficiencies of production in these West African countries. The simulation findings indicated that, in Côte d'Ivoire, farmers benefited from the depreciation of the equilibrium exchange rate while farmers in Ghana and Nigeria suffered losses. Simulation results also indicated that Ivorian and Ghanaian cassava/maize farmers could benefit from growing IITA's improved variety and adopting mechanized processing methods.Crop Production/Industries,

Effect of Trade Openness on Productivity in Cote d’Ivoire

The implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Zone offers important trade opportunities to African countries, including Côte d'Ivoire. The economic literature has shown that trade openness affects productivity. Therefore, this paper aims tocompare the effect of trade between Côte d'Ivoire and other African countries on productivity and the effect of trade between Côte d'Ivoire and the rest of the world (outside Africa) on productivity. To achieve this objective, the Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) and Cointegration Canonical Regression (CCR) methods of Park (1992) were used to analyze the relationship between productivity and trade openness in Côte d'Ivoire over the period 1980-2019. We use Total Factor Productivity as measure of productivity in this study. The results show that the effect of trade between Côte d'Ivoire and African countries on productivity differs from the effect of trade between Côte d'Ivoire and the rest of the world (outside Africa) on productivity. Indeed, exports from Côte d'Ivoire to Africa have a positive and significant effect on productivity. while Côte d'Ivoire's imports from Africa have a negative and significant effect. Côte d'Ivoire's imports from the rest of the world (outside Africa) positively and significantly affect productivity. On the other hand, exports from Côte d'Ivoire to the rest of the world (outside Africa) have a negative and significant effect on productivity

Spatial mapping and prediction of Plasmodium falciparum infection risk among school-aged children in Côte d'Ivoire

BACKGROUND: In Côte d'Ivoire, malaria remains a major public health issue, and thus a priority to be tackled. The aim of this study was to identify spatially explicit indicators of Plasmodium falciparum infection among school-aged children and to undertake a model-based spatial prediction of P. falciparum infection risk using environmental predictors. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, including parasitological examinations and interviews with more than 5,000 children from 93 schools across Côte d'Ivoire. A finger-prick blood sample was obtained from each child to determine Plasmodium species-specific infection and parasitaemia using Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood films. Household socioeconomic status was assessed through asset ownership and household characteristics. Children were interviewed for preventive measures against malaria. Environmental data were gathered from satellite images and digitized maps. A Bayesian geostatistical stochastic search variable selection procedure was employed to identify factors related to P. falciparum infection risk. Bayesian geostatistical logistic regression models were used to map the spatial distribution of P. falciparum infection and to predict the infection prevalence at non-sampled locations via Bayesian kriging. RESULTS: Complete data sets were available from 5,322 children aged 5-16 years across Côte d'Ivoire. P. falciparum was the predominant species (94.5 %). The Bayesian geostatistical variable selection procedure identified land cover and socioeconomic status as important predictors for infection risk with P. falciparum. Model-based prediction identified high P. falciparum infection risk in the north, central-east, south-east, west and south-west of Côte d'Ivoire. Low-risk areas were found in the south-eastern area close to Abidjan and the south-central and west-central part of the country. CONCLUSIONS: The P. falciparum infection risk and related uncertainty estimates for school-aged children in Côte d'Ivoire represent the most up-to-date malaria risk maps. These tools can be used for spatial targeting of malaria control interventions

Crise ivoirienne, envois de fonds et pauvreté au Burkina Faso

Fondée sur les deux enquêtes auprès des ménages de 1998 et 2003, la recherche propose une analyse de la dynamique des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire, et de leur impact sur la pauvreté au Burkina Faso. Deux principales conclusions émergent de cette investigation, les envois de fonds étant considérés comme un transfert exogène de revenus. En premier lieu, l'étude montre à la fois une baisse significative et une nouvelle distribution relative des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire au cours de la période 1998-2003. Alors que plus de la moitié des ménages ayant des transferts bénéficiaient d'une redistribution en provenance de Côte d'Ivoire en 1998 – 21,1 pour cent –, ils n'étaient plus que 4,8 pour cent en 2003, soit le quart des familles recevant des envois de fonds. De ce fait, le volume des transferts de Côte d'Ivoire a chuté de 67,8 pour cent en termes réels entre 1998 et 2003, une évolution confirmée par les statistiques de la BCEAO concernant l' « épargne rapatriée » de ce pays. En même temps, parmi les ménages pauvres, la part relative des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire a chuté – 64,5 pour cent du volume des transferts privés en 1998, contre 46,7 pour cent en 2003 –, contrairement aux ménages aisés – 30 pour cent du haut de la distribution –, et la proportion des pauvres ayant des transferts de Côte d'Ivoire a été divisée par 7,8, contre seulement 2,6 pour les riches. De plus, ces changements s'accompagnent d'une double évolution au cours de la période : (i) une diminution du montant moyen des transferts reçus de Côte d'Ivoire par les pauvres – 6,7 à 5,1 milliers de F.Cfa par tête et par an ; (ii) une forte baisse des transferts ivoiriens par rapport aux dépenses par tête. Une modélisation logistique multinomiale des déterminants de la pauvreté confirme cette évolution. En deuxième lieu, l'étude suggère une relation significative entre le déclin des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire et la hausse de la pauvreté au cours de la période. Tout d'abord, l'estimation des effets potentiels des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire montre, qu'en l'absence de ces derniers, l'incidence de la pauvreté aurait été supérieure de 1,6 point de pourcentage en 1998, contre seulement 0,3 point de pourcentage en 2003, un différentiel d'impact potentiel statistiquement significatif uniquement dans le premier cas. Par conséquent, la « perte d'effet potentiel » de la réduction des envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire, en termes de diminution du ratio de pauvreté, est de 1,3 point de pourcentage. Ensuite, la mobilisation de l'économétrie spatiale produit plusieurs enseignements. Premièrement, lorsque l'on contrôle par l'année de l'enquête, le taux d'urbanisation et l'inégalité des dépenses par tête au niveau régional, les modèles auto-régressifs mixtes suggèrent des élasticités de -0,141, -0,177 et -0,206, respectivement, pour l'incidence, la profondeur et l'inégalité de la pauvreté par rapport aux transferts ivoiriens, et permettent de prédire, par exemple, une élévation du ratio de pauvreté des ménages de 9,6 pour cent au cours de la période – la variation observée de la pauvreté au cours de cette dernière étant de 8,7 pour cent. Deuxièmement, l'estimation de modèles à régimes « spatio-temporels » fait apparaître des élasticités de la pauvreté régionale par rapport aux transferts de Côte d'Ivoire plus élevées en 1998 qu'en 2003, bien que le test de Chow spatial relativise ce résultat. Troisièmement, une approche en termes de différences met en évidence une relation inverse au niveau régional, statistiquement significative, entre le taux de croissance des transferts de Côte d'Ivoire et le taux de croissance des mesures de la pauvreté. Les élasticités, calculées à la moyenne des taux de croissance des dépenses et de l'indice de Gini, ont les valeurs de -0,105, -0,126 et -0,137, respectivement, pour le ratio, la profondeur et l'inégalité de la pauvreté. Enfin, l'étude tente d'appréhender la relation entre les envois de fonds de Côte d'Ivoire et l'inégalité des ressources des ménages, et montre l'impact assez faible de cette dernière en termes de niveau et de variation. Based on the two household surveys of 1998 and 2003, the research proposes an analysis of the dynamics of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire, and their impact on poverty in Burkina Faso. Two principal conclusions result from this investigation, the remittances being regarded as an exogenous transfer of incomes. Firstly, the study shows a significant fall and a new relative distribution of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire during the period 1998-2003. Whereas more half of the households having transfers profited from a redistribution coming from Côte d'Ivoire in 1998 – 21,1 percent –, they were not any more but 4,8 percent in 2003, i.e. the quarter of the families receiving remittances. So, the volume of the transfers of Côte d'Ivoire fell of 67,8 percent in real terms between 1998 and 2003, an evolution confirmed by the statistics of the BCEAO concerning the « repatriated saving » of this country. At the same time, among the poor households, the relative share of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire fell – 64,5 percent of the volume of the private transfers in 1998, against 46,7 percent in 2003 –, contrary to the rich households – the top 30 percent of the distribution –, and the proportion of the poor having transfers of Côte d'Ivoire was divided by 7,8, against only 2,6 for the rich households. Moreover, these changes are accompanied by a double evolution during the period: (i) a reduction in the average amount of the received transfers of Côte d'Ivoire by the poor – 6,7 B 5,1 thousands of F.Cfa per capita and per annum; (ii) a strong fall of the transfers of Côte d'Ivoire compared to the expenditure per capita. A logistic multinomial modeling of the determinants of poverty confirms this evolution. Secondly, the study suggests a significant relation between the decline of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire and the rise of poverty during the period. First of all, the estimate of the potential effects of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire shows that, in the absence of the latter, the incidence of poverty would have been higher of 1,6 point of percentage in 1998, against only 0,3 point of percentage in 2003, a differential of potential impact only statistically significant in the first case. Consequently, the « loss of potential effect » of the reduction of the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire, in terms of decrease in the ratio of poverty, is of 1,3 point of percentage. Then, the mobilization of spatial économetrics produces several lessons. Firstly, when one controls by the year of the investigation, the rate of urbanization and the inequality of the expenditure per capita at the regional level, the spatial lag models suggest elasticities of -0,141, -0,177 and -0,206, respectively, for the incidence, the depth and the inequality of poverty with respect to remittances, and make it possible to predict, for example, a rise in the ratio of poverty of the households of 9,6 percent during the period – the variation observed of poverty during this last being of 8,7 percent. Secondly, the estimate of models of space-time regimes reveals elasticities of regional poverty with respect to the transfers of Côte d'Ivoire higher in 1998 than in 2003, although the spatial Chow test relativizes this result. Thirdly, an approach in terms of differences highlights a negative relation at the regional level, statistically significant, between the growth rate of the transfers of Côte d'Ivoire and the growth rate of poverty. The elasticities, calculated at the average of the growth rates of the expenditure and the index of Gini, have the values of -0,105, -0,126 and -0,137, respectively, for the ratio, the depth and the inequality of poverty. Lastly, the study tries to apprehend the relation between the remittances of Côte d'Ivoire and the inequality of the resources of the households, and shows the rather weak impact of the latter in terms of level and variation. (Full text in French)

State of Knowledge on Beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Productivity of the Sector in the Context of Climate Change

The beekeeping sector in Côte d'Ivoire is developing. Honey gathering, traditional beekeeping and modern beekeeping are widespread in the centre and north of the country. They enable the populations of these areas to diversify and increase their income, and to cure certain benign diseases. Côte d'Ivoire honeys are of good quality and very rich in nutrients: pollen grains and minerals. Despite favourable climatic and floristic conditions, beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire is still in its infancy, with the aim of increasing honey production. The population of Côte d'Ivoire does not keep bees and is more interested in cash crops than beekeeping. The aim of this study is to take stock of the Ivorian beekeeping sector and its melliferous potential on the basis of available scientific data. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the difficulties facing the sector in terms of sustainable development.&nbsp

State of Knowledge on Beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Productivity of the Sector in the Context of Climate Change

The beekeeping sector in Côte d'Ivoire is developing. Honey gathering, traditional beekeeping and modern beekeeping are widespread in the centre and north of the country. They enable the populations of these areas to diversify and increase their income, and to cure certain benign diseases. Côte d'Ivoire honeys are of good quality and very rich in nutrients: pollen grains and minerals. Despite favourable climatic and floristic conditions, beekeeping in Côte d'Ivoire is still in its infancy, with the aim of increasing honey production. The population of Côte d'Ivoire does not keep bees and is more interested in cash crops than beekeeping. The aim of this study is to take stock of the Ivorian beekeeping sector and its melliferous potential on the basis of available scientific data. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the difficulties facing the sector in terms of sustainable development.&nbsp

The gendarme of Africa : how can France's 2002 military intervention in Cote d' Ivoire be explained?

On 19 September 2002, dissatisfied soldiers in Côte d'Ivoire attempted to overthrow Laurent Gbagbo's regime. In response, France rapidly mobilised its military forces, once again intervening in one of its former colonies. This intervention is all the more surprising given the recent and important reforms in France's Africa policy; reforms which led to the increased disengagement of the French military in Africa. In light of this conundrum, this thesis seeks to understand why France pursued intervention in Côte d'Ivoire in 2002. Moreover, given these wide ranging reforms, I seek to understand the extent to which France's intervention in 2002, indeed, represents something new, or is simply another manifestation of France's traditional way of doing this in Africa. In answering these research questions, this thesis combines both quantitative analysis and an in-depth case study of French intervention in Côte d'Ivoire. In applying the results from the analysis to the case study, I find that the French intervention in Côte d'Ivoire is largely consistent with, and indeed indicative of, France's historical modus operandi in sub-Saharan Africa. In sum, I show how France has a plethora of important interests in the Côte d'Ivoire, interests which are shaped by its strong historical relationship with Côte d'Ivoire and which strongly influenced French intervention in 2002. Moreover, circumstances surrounding the 2002 failed coup attempt, notably the deteriorating situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the empowerment of Jacques Chirac and even the mistrust between Chirac and Gbagbo created the conditions which further fostered military interventions. These factors, it is shown, are largely consistent with the general trends of French intervention in sub- Saharan Africa, thus indicating that, despite important French reforms leading up to the 2002 intervention, very little has changed regarding French motives for intervention in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, the results from this thesis indicate that when one of France's important former African colonies is perceived to be under threat, France is bound by historical responsibility and a plethora of deep-seeded interests to deploy its military and attempt to remedy the situation

Sternes réprises en Côte d'Ivoire au cours des derniers hivernages des années 1969-1970-1971-1972-1973

Data are reported on: (1) date and place of ringing the juveniles and adults of the sea bird of the genus Sterna in Côte d'Ivoire, and (2) date and place of recapture during the winter periods of 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973