Sobre la lógica en el siglo XIX y su reconstrucción historiográfica

Pretender cubrir en una exposición el conjunto del desarrollo de la lógica en el siglo XIX resulta impensable, entre otras razones por la multitud de trabajos que han aparecido en los últimos años sobre aspectos puntuales y sobre periodos definidos del mismo. Más aún, algunas presentaciones globales que sólo intentan ser, por su misma naturaleza, esquemáticas o aún bibliográficas, contienen o aluden a tal riqueza que confirman lo difícilmente abarcable del lapso referido. No es tampoco necesario recordar la fertilidad y amplitud, perfectible como es obvio, de los trabajos monográficos sobre los aportes principales de Boole, Frege, Peana, quienes son reconocidos alternativamente como los fundadores de la lógica nuestra

Basic characteristics to achieve common sense reasoning

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LOGIC TEACHING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

We are much better equipped to let the facts reveal themselves to us instead of blinding ourselves to them or stubbornly trying to force them into preconceived molds. We no longer embarrass ourselves in front of our students, for example, by insisting that “Some Xs are Y” means the same as “Some X is Y”, and lamely adding “for purposes of logic” whenever there is pushback. Logic teaching in this century can exploit the new spirit of objectivity, humility, clarity, observationalism, contextualism, and pluralism. Besides the new spirit there have been quiet developments in logic and its history and philosophy that could radically improve logic teaching. This lecture expands points which apply equally well in first, second, and third courses, i.e. in “critical thinking”, “deductive logic”, and “symbolic logic”

LOGIC TEACHING IN THE 21ST CENTURY

We are much better equipped to let the facts reveal themselves to us instead of blinding ourselves to them or stubbornly trying to force them into preconceived molds. We no longer embarrass ourselves in front of our students, for example, by insisting that “Some Xs are Y” means the same as “Some X is Y”, and lamely adding “for purposes of logic” whenever there is pushback. Logic teaching in this century can exploit the new spirit of objectivity, humility, clarity, observationalism, contextualism, and pluralism. Besides the new spirit there have been quiet developments in logic and its history and philosophy that could radically improve logic teaching. One rather conspicuous example is that the process of refining logical terminology has been productive. Future logic students will no longer be burdened by obscure terminology and they will be able to read, think, talk, and write about logic in a more careful and more rewarding manner. Closely related is increased use and study of variable-enhanced natural language as in “Every proposition x that implies some proposition y that is false also implies some proposition z that is true”. Another welcome development is the culmination of the slow demise of logicism. No longer is the teacher blocked from using examples from arithmetic and algebra fearing that the students had been indoctrinated into thinking that every mathematical truth was a tautology and that every mathematical falsehood was a contradiction. A fifth welcome development is the separation of laws of logic from so-called logical truths, i.e., tautologies. Now we can teach the logical independence of the laws of excluded middle and non-contradiction without fear that students had been indoctrinated into thinking that every logical law was a tautology and that every falsehood of logic was a contradiction. This separation permits the logic teacher to apply logic in the clarification of laws of logic. This lecture expands the above points, which apply equally well in first, second, and third courses, i.e. in “critical thinking”, “deductive logic”, and “symbolic logic”

From mathematics in logic to logic in mathematics : Boole and Frege

This project proceeds from the premise that the historical and logical value of Boole's logical calculus and its connection with Frege's logic remain to be recognised. It begins by discussing Gillies' application of Kuhn's concepts to the history oflogic and proposing the use of the concept of research programme as a methodological tool in the historiography oflogic. Then it analyses'the development of mathematical logic from Boole to Frege in terms of overlapping research programmes whilst discussing especially Boole's logical calculus. Two streams of development run through the project: 1. A discussion and appraisal of Boole's research programme in the context of logical debates and the emergence of symbolical algebra in Britain in the nineteenth century, including the improvements which Venn brings to logic as algebra, and the axiomatisation of 'Boolean algebras', which is due to Huntington and Sheffer. 2. An investigation of the particularity of the Fregean research programme, including an analysis ofthe extent to which certain elements of Begriffsschrift are new; and an account of Frege's discussion of Boole which focuses on the domain common to the two formal languages and shows the logical connection between Boole's logical calculus and Frege's. As a result, it is shown that the progress made in mathematical logic stemmed from two continuous and overlapping research programmes: Boole's introduction ofmathematics in logic and Frege's introduction oflogic in mathematics. In particular, Boole is regarded as the grandfather of metamathematics, and Lowenheim's theorem ofl915 is seen as a revival of his research programme

Ancient Logic and its Modern Interpretations: Proceedings of the Buffalo Symposium on Modernist Interpretations of Ancient Logic, 21 and 22 April, 1972

Articles by Ian Mueller, Ronald Zirin, Norman Kretzmann, John Corcoran, John Mulhern, Mary Mulhern,Josiah Gould, and others. Topics: Aristotle's Syllogistic, Stoic Logic, Modern Research in Ancient Logic

The moderating role of dynamic capability between strategic orientations and firm performance in Malaysia agro based SME

The purpose of this research was to assess the strategic orientations and firm performance in agro-based small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The research focused on SMEs because of their importance in GDP contribution to the Malaysian economy and the high percentage of employment in the labor market. Agro-based SMEs are facing challenges such as the largely aging population; lack of innovation activities, scientific knowledge and application technology as well as less market driven strategies although faced with a large degree of competition from regional countries. The present study aimed to fill the gap between theory and understanding, by investigating the moderating role of dynamic capability (DC) between the relationship of entrepreneurial (EO), learning (LO) and market orientations (MO), as independent variables and agro-based SME firm performance, as the dependent variable. Building on the resourced- based view (RBV), this study theoretically hypothesised a positive relationship between strategic orientations and firm performance. The research methodology included a descriptive analysis, and multivariate and hierarchical regression analysis of the population in the agro-based SMEs. The empirical findings from the cross-sectional quantitative survey of 396 agro-based SME firms in Malaysia revealed that EO and MO were positively related to firm performance, except LO. Dynamic capability had a moderating effect on EO; and MO individually, except LO. Furthermore, dynamic capability had a partial moderating effect on strategic orientations, as a bundle of firm intangible resources on firm performance. This study extends the present theoretical knowledge of dynamic capability, by understanding its moderating role, which influences strategic orientations leading to firm performance. Besides this, the findings of this study provide managerial implications on how dynamic capability playing a strategic role, in outward exploration and inward exploitation through innovation, could improve agro- based SME firm performance. Finally this study identifies a few limitations and recommends further research opportunitie